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Avinashi SK, Mishra RK, Singh R, Shweta, Rakhi, Fatima Z, Gautam CR. Fabrication Methods, Structural, Surface Morphology and Biomedical Applications of MXene: A Review. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39189322 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional (2-D) layered materials have revealed outstanding properties and play a crucial role for numerous advanced applications. The emerging transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXene with empirical formula Mn+1XnTx, have generated widespread attention and demonstrated impressive potential in various fields. The fabrication of 2-D novel MXene and its composites and their characterizations are applicable to vast applications in different areas such as energy storage, gas sensors, catalysis, and biomedical applications. In this review, the main focus is on the various synthesis methods, their properties, and biomedical applications. This review provides detailed illustrations of MXenes for many biomedical applications, including bioimaging, drug delivery, therapies, biosensors, tissue engineering, and antibacterial reagents. The challenges and future prospects were highlighted in a comprehensive manner, and the existing problems and potential for MXene-based biomaterials were analyzed with the goal of accelerating their use in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar Avinashi
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
| | - Rajat Kumar Mishra
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
| | - Shweta
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
| | - Rakhi
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
| | - Zaireen Fatima
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
| | - Chandki Ram Gautam
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramic Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
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Hussain N, Chae A, Iqbal A, Doo S, Naqvi SM, Hassan T, Lee AS, Oh T, Koo CM. Oxidation of Molybdenum-Based Single-Metallic/bimetallic Carbide MXenes in Aqueous Suspensions: Mechanistic Insights. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9170-9179. [PMID: 38644569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum carbide MXenes have garnered considerable attention in electronics, energy storage, and catalysis. However, they are prone to oxidative degradation, but the associated mechanisms have not been systematically explored. Therefore, the oxidation mechanisms of Mo-based single-metallic/bimetallic carbide MXenes including Mo2CTx, Mo2TiC2Tx, and Mo2Ti2C3Tx in aqueous suspensions were investigated for the first time in this study. Similar to Ti3C2Tx MXene, Mo-based MXenes were found to undergo oxidative degradation in their aqueous dispersions, leading to the disruption of their crystal structure and subsequent loss of optical and electronic properties. Notably, the Mo2CTx MXene deviated from this typical oxidation behavior as it produced an amorphous product with Mo ions instead of highly crystalline Mo-oxides during oxidation. Similarly, the Mo2TiC2Tx and Mo2Ti2C3Tx MXenes did not yield crystalline Mo-oxides; instead, they produced highly crystalline anatase TiO2 and a Mo-ion-containing amorphous product simultaneously. Furthermore, high-temperature annealing of the oxidized Mo2CTx MXene powder at 800 °C transformed the amorphous Mo-containing product into highly crystalline MoO2 crystals. These findings highlight the unconventional oxidation behavior of Mo-based MXenes, which suggests that the formation of crystalline Mo-based oxides requires a higher activation energy during oxidation than that of TiO2. The unique oxidative pathway reported herein can help elucidate the oxidation mechanisms of Mo-based MXene dispersions and their products. The insights from this study can pave the way for fundamental studies in academia as well as broaden the applications of Mo-based MXenes in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushad Hussain
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ari Chae
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Aamir Iqbal
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Doo
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Shabbir Madad Naqvi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tufail Hassan
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert S Lee
- Solution to Electromagnetic Interference in Future-Mobility, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegon Oh
- Solution to Electromagnetic Interference in Future-Mobility, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Min Koo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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He M, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhu W, Shao W, Wang J, Xu D, Yao W. Flexible cellulose nanofibers/MXene composite films for UV-shielding packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130821. [PMID: 38484816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) based films are promising packaging materials, but the lack of special functions (especially UV-shielding property) usually restrict their further applications. In this work, MXene was incorporated into the CNF film by a direct solvent volatilization induced film forming method to study its UV-shielding property for the first time, which avoided the using of a vacuum filtration equipment. The composite films containing glycerin could be folded repeatedly without breaking, showing good flexibility. The structure and properties of MXene/CNF composite films (CMF) were characterized systematically. The results showed that MXene distributed uniformly in the CNF film matrix and there was strong hydrogen bonding interaction between CNF and MXene. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composite films could reach 117.5 MPa and 2.23 GPa, which was 54.1 % and 59.2 % higher than those of pure CNF film, respectively. With the increase of MXene content, both the UVA and UVB shielding percentages increased significantly from 17.2 % and 25.5 % to 100.0 %, showing excellent UV-shielding property. Moreover, CMF exhibited a low oxygen permeability (OP) value of 0.39 cc μm d-1 m-2 kPa-1, a low water vapor permeability (WVP) value of 5.13 × 10-11 g-1s-1Pa-1 and a high antibacterial rate against E. coli (94.1 % at 24 h), showing potential application in the packaging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.
| | - Yujia Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Xinjiang Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Environmental-friendly Materials and New Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Carbon Neutralization, School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530105, China
| | - Wenyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Wenjing Shao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Dingfeng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Wei Yao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
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Tan J, Fan B, Zhang P, Wei Y, Soomro RA, Zhao X, Kumar J, Qiao N, Xu B. Ultralong Stability of Ti 3 C 2 T x -MXene Dispersion Through Synergistic Regulation of Storage Environment and Defect Capping with Tris-HCl Buffering. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301689. [PMID: 38420900 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous MXene dispersion suffers from a bottleneck issue of oxidation, leading to its gradual deterioration and ultimately compromised physicochemical characteristics. Herein, Tris-HCl buffer is employed to stabilize the diluted Ti3 C2 Tx -MXene dispersion (0.05 mg mL-1 ) through the synergy of its potent pH-regulation capability and capping effect toward oxidation-susceptible defects/edges. Tris-HCl functionalized Ti3 C2 Tx maintained its original morphology, structure, and favorable dispersity even after 150 days of aging under naturally aerated conditions. The pH-regulation nature of Tris-HCl is elucidated through solution monitoring of Ti3 C2 Tx dispersion, while the adsorption of Tris-HCl onto defects/edges is revealed by spectral analysis and multi-scale simulations. Tris-HCl at the neutral pH can bind to the negatively charged basal plane of Ti3 C2 Tx via + HTris moiety, while the other moiety (Tris) interacts with the exposed edge-based Ti atoms and/or intrinsic defects, forming a Ti─N bond that prevents MXene from attack by H2 O and O2 . Besides, Tris-HCl stabilized Ti3 C2 Tx exhibited nearly identical capacitive characteristics to its freshly-etched counterpart, indicating the minimal impact of Tris-HCl on electrochemical performance of Ti3 C2 Tx during long-term storage. This study provides practical guidance for stabilizing MXene in their native aqueous dispersion without compromising the inherent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baomin Fan
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Razium A Soomro
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhao
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jai Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ning Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
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Yoon J, Kim S, Park KH, Lee S, Kim SJ, Lee H, Oh T, Koo CM. Biocompatible and Oxidation-Resistant Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene with Halogen-Free Surface Terminations. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201579. [PMID: 36929585 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface chemistry influences not only physicochemical properties but also safety and applications of MXene nanomaterials. Fluorinated Ti3 C2 Tx MXene, synthesized using conventional HF-based etchants, raises concerns regarding harmful effects on electronics and toxicity to living organisms. In this study, well-delaminated halogen-free Ti3 C2 Tx flakes are synthesized using NaOH-based etching solution. The transversal surface plasmon mode of halogen-free Ti3 C2 Tx MXene (833 nm) confirmed red-shift compared to conventional Ti3 C2 Tx (752 nm), and the halogen-free Ti3 C2 Tx MXene has a different density of state by the high proportion of -O and -OH terminations. The synthesized halogen-free Ti3 C2 Tx exhibits a lower water contact angle (34.5°) and work function (3.6 eV) than those of fluorinated Ti3 C2 Tx (49.8° and 4.14 eV, respectively). The synthesized halogen-free Ti3 C2 Tx exhibits high biocompatibility with the living cells, as evidenced by no noticeable cytotoxicity, even at very high concentrations (2000 µg mL⁻1 ), at which fluorinated Ti3 C2 Tx caused ≈50% reduction in cell viability upon its oxidation. Additionally, the oxidation stability of halogen-free Ti3 C2 Tx is enhanced unexpectedly, which cumulatively provides a good rationale for pursuing the halogen-free routes for synthesizing MXene materials for their uses in biomedical and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeeun Yoon
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Solutions to Electromagnetic Interference in Future-Mobility, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongchan Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hong Park
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Joon Kim
- Solutions to Electromagnetic Interference in Future-Mobility, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegon Oh
- Solutions to Electromagnetic Interference in Future-Mobility, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Min Koo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Soomro RA, Kumar J, Neiber RR, Sirajuddin, Alotaibi AM, Shaikh SF, Ahmed N, Nafady A. Natural oxidation of Ti 3C 2T x to construct efficient TiO 2/Ti 3C 2T x photoactive heterojunctions for advanced photoelectrochemical biosensing of folate-expressing cancer cells. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:341016. [PMID: 36925274 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid-charge carrier recombination and low conductivity are critical in devising an efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor. Herein, we propose partial oxidation of few-layered MXene (Ti3C2Tx) to construct a photo-active TiO2/Ti3C2Tx platform that could be configured for PEC sensing of folate receptors (FR), particularly, FR-expressing breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). MXene-Ti3C2Tx dispersion was oxidized in natural-open air conditions, where continuous exposure for six (06) days allowed for homogeneous in-situ growth of TiO2 over MXenes nanosheets (MX-06). This exposure enabled partial oxidation of MXene-sheets with a balanced TiO2 to MXene content that could exhibit improved photoresponsive characteristics owing to the synergism of redox-active TiO2 and highly conductive underlying Ti3C2Tx. The photoelectrode was then adapted for biorecognition by conjugating chitosan and folic acid (FA) networks, which permitted selective detection of FR-expressed cells with significant antifouling capabilities against common proteins such as bovine serum album (BSA), hemoglobin, and immunoglobulin G. (Ig G). The detection mechanism relies on FA's strong affinity for cancer cell folate receptors, which proportionally inhibited the photoelectrodes PEC oxidation response to ascorbic acid (AA)(mediator). The proposed inhibition strategy enabled sensitive detection of FR-expressed MDA-MB-231 cells in the concentration range of 1 × 102 to 2 × 107 cells/mL with a detection limit of 1.01 cells/mL (S/N = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Razium A Soomro
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jai Kumar
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rana R Neiber
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green, Process, and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Sirajuddin
- ICCBS, HEJ, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Amerah M Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shoyebmohamad F Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- Sapienza University of Rome, Research Center on Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering, Rome, Italy
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Sharma V, Bhullar V, Saxena V, Debnath AK, Mahajan A. Modulation of Surface Ti-O Species in 2D-Ti 3C 2T X MXene for Developing a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution and Methanol Oxidation Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2995-3005. [PMID: 36786558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing cost-effective and earth-abundant noble-metal-free electrocatalysts is imperative for the imminent electrochemical society. Two-dimensional Ti3C2TX (MXene) exhibits tunable properties with high electrical conductivity and a large specific surface area, which improve its electrochemical performance. Herein, the low-temperature annealing method is used to enrich MXene with a maximum number of Ti-O terminals without formation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) under neutral pH conditions. MXene annealed at 200 °C is found to have a large number of Ti-O termination groups, resulting in a large electrochemically active surface area and increased active sites (-O termination groups) and hence excellent electrocatalytic performance compared to other samples as well as previous reported work. The optimized sample is found to show the lowest overpotential value of 0.07 V at 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 0.15 V dec-1 toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), whereas for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), the current density is 18.08 mA cm-2, and the onset potential is -0.51 V. In addition, it also shows long-term stability and durability toward HER as well as MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Sharma
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Viplove Bhullar
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Vibha Saxena
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Anil Krishna Debnath
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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