1
|
Cherniienko A, Lesyk R, Zaprutko L, Pawełczyk A. IR-EcoSpectra: Exploring sustainable ex situ and in situ FTIR applications for green chemical and pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100951. [PMID: 39291244 PMCID: PMC11406085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In various industries, particularly in the chemical and pharmaceutical fields, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy provides a unique capacity to detect and characterise complex chemicals while minimising environmental damage by minimal waste generation and reducing the need for extensive sample preparation or use of harmful reagents. This review showcases the versatility of ex situ and in situ FTIR applications for substance identification, analysis, and dynamic monitoring. Ex situ FTIR spectroscopy's accuracy in identifying impurities, monitoring crystallisation processes, and regulating medication release patterns improves product quality, safety, and efficacy. Furthermore, its quantification capabilities enable more effective drug development, dosage procedures, and quality control practices, all of which are consistent with green analytical principles. On the other hand, in situ FTIR spectroscopy appears to be a novel tool for the real-time investigation of molecular changes during reactions and processes, allowing for the monitoring of drug release kinetics, crystallisation dynamics, and surface contacts, as well as providing vital insights into material behaviour. The combination of ex situ FTIR precision and in situ FTIR dynamic capabilities gives a comprehensive analytical framework for developing green practices, quality control, and innovation in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. This review presents the wide range of applications of ex situ and in situ FTIR spectroscopy in chemical, pharmaceutical and medical fields as an analytical green chemistry tool. However, further study is required to fully realise FTIR's potential and develop new applications that improve sustainability in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Cherniienko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-203, Poland
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
| | - Lucjusz Zaprutko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-203, Poland
| | - Anna Pawełczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-203, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong W, Chi Y, Yu R, Kong C, Zhou S, Han C, Vongsvivut J, Mao G, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Amal R, Tang J, Lu X. Liquid Metal-Enabled Tunable Synthesis of Nanoporous Polycrystalline Copper for Selective CO 2-to-Formate Electrochemical Conversion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403939. [PMID: 39078016 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Copper-based catalysts exhibit high activity in electrochemical CO2 conversion to value-added chemicals. However, achieving precise control over catalysts design to generate narrowly distributed products remains challenging. Herein, a gallium (Ga) liquid metal-based approach is employed to synthesize hierarchical nanoporous copper (HNP Cu) catalysts with tailored ligament/pore and crystallite sizes. The nanoporosity and polycrystallinity are generated by dealloying intermetallic CuGa2 formed after immersing pristine Cu foil in liquid Ga in a basic or acidic solution. The liquid metal-based approach allows for the transformation of monocrystalline Cu to the polycrystalline HNP Cu with enhanced CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) performance. The dealloyed HNP Cu catalyst with suitable crystallite size (22.8 nm) and nanoporous structure (ligament/pore size of 45 nm) exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency of 91% toward formate production under an applied potential as low as -0.3 VRHE. The superior CO2RR performance can be ascribed to the enlarged electrochemical catalytic surface area, the generation of preferred Cu facets, and the rich grain boundaries by polycrystallinity. This work demonstrates the potential of liquid metal-based synthesis for improving catalysts performance based on structural design, without increasing compositional complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yuan Chi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ruohan Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Charlie Kong
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shujie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chen Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO-Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xunyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fishler Y, Leick N, Teeter G, Holewinski A, Smith WA. Layered Sn-Au Thin Films for Increased Electrochemical ATR-SEIRAS Enhancement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19780-19791. [PMID: 38584348 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Operando electrochemical attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (EC ATR-SEIRAS) is a valuable method for a fundamental understanding of electrochemical interfaces under real operating conditions. The applicability of this method depends on the ability to tune the optical and catalytic properties of an electrode film, and it thus requires unique optimization for any given material. Motivated by the growing interest in Sn-based electrocatalysts for selective reduction of CO2 to formate species, we investigate several Sn thin-film synthesis routes for the resulting SEIRA signal response. We compare the SEIRA performance of thermally evaporated metallic Sn to a series of Sn-based films on top of a SEIRA-active Au substrate (metallic Sn, oxide-derived metallic Sn, and metal oxide SnOx). Using alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers as a probe, we find that electrodepositing metallic catalyst films on top of SEIRA-active Au substrates yield higher signal relative to thermal evaporation as well as higher signal than the independent SEIRA-active Au underlayer. These observations come despite the fact that thermally evaporated Sn has a significantly higher surface roughness (and thus higher adsorbate population), suggesting specific SEIRA-magnifying effects for the stacked films. Finally, we applied these films to observe the electrochemical conversion of CO2. Differences are observed in spectral features based on the composition of the electrode being either metallic or oxide-derived metallic Sn, implying differences in their respective reaction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Fishler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science (MCCS) Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Noemi Leick
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science (MCCS) Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Glenn Teeter
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science (MCCS) Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Adam Holewinski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wilson A Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science (MCCS) Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hsu J, Houache MSE, Abu-Lebdeh Y, Patton RA, Guzman MI, Al-Abadleh HA. In Situ Electrochemistry of Formate on Cu Thin Films Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2377-2384. [PMID: 38233221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Formate (HCOO-) is the most dominant intermediate identified during carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction (CO2ER). While previous studies showed that copper (Cu)-based materials that include Cu(0), Cu2O, and CuO are ideal catalysts for CO2ER, challenges to scalability stem from low selectivity and undesirable products in the -1.0-1.0 V range. There are few studies on the binding mechanism of intermediates and products for these systems as well as on changes to surface sites upon applying potential. Here, we use an in situ approach to study the redox surface chemistry of formate on Cu thin films deposited on Si wafers using a VeeMAX III spectroelectrochemical (SEC) cell compatible with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Spectra for surface species were collected in real time as a function of applied potential during cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. Results showed the reproducibility of CV curves on freshly prepared Cu/Si wafers with relatively high signal-to-noise ATR-FTIR absorbance features of surface species during these electrochemical experiments. The oxidation reaction of HCOO- to bicarbonate (HCO3-) was observed using ATR-FTIR at a voltage of 0.27 V. Samples were then subjected to reduction in the CV, and the aqueous phase products below the detection limit of the SEC-ATR-FTIR were identified using ion chromatography (IC). We report the formation of glycolate (H3C2O3-) and glyoxylate (HC2O3-) with trace amounts of oxalate (C2O42-), indicating that C-C coupling reactions proceed in these systems. Changes to the oxidation state of surface Cu were measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which showed a reduction in Cu(0) and an increase in Cu(OH)2, indicating surface oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Mohamed S E Houache
- National Research Council of Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Yaser Abu-Lebdeh
- National Research Council of Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Reagan A Patton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Hind A Al-Abadleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| |
Collapse
|