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Zheng X, Zhu H, Zhao X, Wang J, Li Q, Zhao X. Emerging affinity methods for protein-drug interaction analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 249:116371. [PMID: 39047466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The study of protein-drug interaction plays a crucial role in understanding drug mechanisms, identifying new drug targets and biomarkers, and facilitating drug development and disease treatment. In recent years, significant progress has been made in various protein-drug interaction research methods due to the rapid development and in-depth application of mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman spectroscopy, and other technologies. The progress has enhanced the sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and applicability of analytical methods, enabling the establishment of drug-protein interaction networks. This review discusses various emerging research methods, such as native mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and spectrum, biosensor technologies employing surface enhanced Raman, electrochemistry, and magneto resistive signals, as well as affinity magnetic levitation and affinity chromatography. The article also delves into the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Huiting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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Wen X, Chen M, Li Z, Liu W, Xu K, Wang J, Zhao X. Site-specific immobilization of Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 through enzymatic DNA-protein conjugation strategy for lead screening. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1727:464948. [PMID: 38759460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Immobilization of functional protein, especially G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is particularly significant in various fields such as the development of assays for diagnosis, lead compound screening, as well as drug-protein interaction analysis. However, there are still some challenges with the immobilized proteins such as undefined loads, orientations, and the loss of activity. Herein, we introduced a DNA conjugation strategy into the immobilization of Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1(CysLTR1) which enables exquisite molecular control and higher activity of the receptor. We used the bacterial relaxases VirD2 as an immobilized tag fused at the C terminus of CysLTR1. Tyrosine residue(Y29) at the core binding site of the VirD2 tag can react with the single-strand piece of DNA(T-DNA) in the form of a covalent bond. Inspired by this strategy, we developed a new immobilization method by mixing the T-DNA-modified silica gel with the cell lysate containing the expressed VirD2-tagged CysLTR1 for 1 hour. We found that the successful formation of DNA-protein conjugate enables the immobilization of CysLTR1 fast, site-specific, and with minimal loss of activity. The feasibility of the immobilized CysLTR1 was evaluated in drug-protein binding interaction by frontal analysis and adsorption energy distribution analysis. The binding of pranlukast, zafirlukast, and MK571 to the immobilized CysLTR1 was realized, and the association constants presented good agreement between the two methods. Rosmarinic acid was retained in the immobilized CysLTR1 column, and the in-vitro test revealed that the compound binds to the receptor in one type of binding site mode. Despite these results, we concluded that the DNA-protein conjugate strategy will probably open up the possibilities for capturing other functional proteins in covalent and site-specific modes from the complex matrices and the immobilized receptor preserves the potential in fishing out lead compounds from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Minyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zimeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Weiyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Qiao S, Zheng X, Ou Y, Li T, Zhao X, Quan J, Zhao X, Li Q. Highly efficient GPCR immobilization with enhanced fouling resistance, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 236:113818. [PMID: 38417347 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The feasibility of immobilized protein-based biodetection relies critically on the activity of the immobilized proteins as well as the biocompatibility of the protein surface. Although many protein immobilization strategies have been developed with satisfied detection readout signals. Non-specific interactions caused by the protein-coating surface are still of great concern since they often interfere with or affect the reliability of detection. Herein, we developed a highly efficient G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) immobilization method by the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a self-labeling enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The immobilization relies on the covalent interaction between the fusion tag of a target GPCR (kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) and its covalent inhibitor ibrutinib, which is modified on PEGylated silica gels. Two types of GPCRs, N-methyl-D-aspartate 2 A receptor (NMDAR2A) and endothelin A receptor (ETAR), were used as examples to realize protein immobilization. The GPCR modified gels and the affinity columns packed with them have been extensively characterized, in terms of non-specific adsorptions, retention factor (k'), half peak width (W1/2), tailing factor (Tf), theoretical plates (N), and association and dissociation constants of the ligands with the receptors. The immobilized GPCRs with reduced non-specific interactions and enhanced fouling resistance, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance were clearly observed. We believe it is the first work to introduce PEGylation in GPCR immobilization and provide comprehensive proof-of-concept studies to illustrate the improved antifouling property, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance. This method could be generally applicable in other immobilized protein-based technology for reliable biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jia Quan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Qu L, Li T, Cun S, Zheng X, Xiang M, Dong Y, Ji X, Bian L, Li Q, Zhao X. A chromatographic method for determining the interaction between a drug and two target proteins by fabricating a dual-heterogeneous surface. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464606. [PMID: 38154257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the drug-target interactions is pivotal throughout the whole procedure of drug development. Most of the current assays, particularly, chromatographic methods lack the capacity to reveal drug adsorption on the muti-target surface. To this end, we derived a reliable and workable mathematical equation for revealing drug bindings to dual targets on the heterogeneous surface starting from the mass balance equation. The derivatization relied on the correlation of drug injection amounts with their retention factors. Experimental validation was performed by determining the binding parameters of three canonical drugs on a heterogeneous surface, which was fabricated by fusing angiotensin receptor type I and type II receptors (AT1R and AT2R) at the terminuses of circularly permuted HaloTag (cpHaloTag) and immobilizing the whole fusion protein onto 6-bromohexanoic acid modified silica gel. We proved that immobilized AT1R-cpHalo-AT2R maintained the original ligand- and antibody-binding activities of the two receptors in three weeks. The association constants of valsartan, candesartan, and telmisartan to AT1R were (6.26±0.14) × 105, (9.66±0.71) × 105, and (3.17±0.03) × 105 L/mol. In the same column, their association constants to AT2R were (1.25±0.04) × 104, (2.30±0.08) × 104, and (8.51±0.06) × 103 L/mol. The patterns of the association constants to AT1R/AT2R (candesartan>valsartan>telmisartan) were in good line with the data by performing nonlinear chromatography on control columns containing immobilized AT1R or AT2R alone. This provided proof of the fact that the derivatization allowed the determination of drug bindings on the heterogeneous surface with the utilization of a single series of injections and linear regression. We reasoned that is simple enough to model the bindings of drug adsorption on commercially available adsorbents in fundamental or industrial fields, thus having the potential to become a universal method for analyzing the bindings of a drug to the heterogeneous surface containing multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Sidi Cun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Mingjuan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuxuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xu Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Liujiao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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