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Kumar S, Basavaraj MG, Satapathy DK. Effect of Colloidal Surface Charge on Desiccation Cracks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37449959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of polarity and surface charge density on the nucleation and growth kinetics of desiccation cracks in deposits of colloids formed by drying. We show that the average spacing between desiccation cracks and crack opening are higher for the deposit of positively charged colloids than that of negatively charged colloids. The temporal evolution of crack growth is found to be faster for positively charged particle deposits. The distinct crack patterns and their kinetics are understood by considering the spatial arrangement of particles in the deposit, which is strongly influenced by the substrate-particle and particle-particle interactions. Interestingly, the crack spacing, the crack opening, and the rate at which the crack widens are found to increase upon decreasing the surface charge of the colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kumar
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Madivala G Basavaraj
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Dillip K Satapathy
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Lilin P, Bischofberger I. Criteria for Crack Formation and Air Invasion in Drying Colloidal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7442-7447. [PMID: 35605177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The drying of sessile drops of aqueous colloidal suspensions leads to the formation of a close-packed particle deposit. As water evaporates, a solidification front propagates from the edge of the drop toward the center, leaving behind a thin disk-shaped deposit. For drops with sufficiently large particle volume fractions, the deposit eventually covers the entire wetted area. In this regime, the dynamics of the deposit growth is governed by volume conservation across a large range of particle volume fractions and drying times. During drying, water flows radially through the deposit to compensate for evaporation over the solid's surface, creating a negative pore pressure in the deposit which we rationalize with a hydrodynamic model. We show that the pressure inside the deposit controls both the onset of crack formation and the onset of air invasion. Two distinct regimes of air invasion occur, which we can account for using the same model that further provides a quantitative criterion for the crossover between the two regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lilin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Irmgard Bischofberger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Bourrianne P, Lilin P, Sintès G, Nîrca T, McKinley GH, Bischofberger I. Crack morphologies in drying suspension drops. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8832-8837. [PMID: 34546264 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00832c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A drop of an aqueous suspension of nanoparticles placed on a substrate forms a solid deposit as it dries. For dilute suspensions, particles accumulate within a narrow ring at the drop edge, whereas a uniform coating covering the entire wetted area forms for concentrated suspensions. In between these extremes, we report two additional regimes characterized by non-uniform deposit thicknesses and by distinct crack morphologies. We show that both the deposit shape and the number of cracks are controlled exclusively by the initial particle volume fraction. The different regimes share a common avalanche-like crack propagation dynamics, as a result of the delamination of the deposit from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bourrianne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Paul Lilin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Guillaume Sintès
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Traian Nîrca
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Gareth H McKinley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Irmgard Bischofberger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Cai Z, Li Z, Ravaine S, He M, Song Y, Yin Y, Zheng H, Teng J, Zhang A. From colloidal particles to photonic crystals: advances in self-assembly and their emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5898-5951. [PMID: 34027954 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, photonic crystals (PhCs) have attracted intense interests thanks to their broad potential applications in optics and photonics. Generally, these structures can be fabricated via either "top-down" lithographic or "bottom-up" self-assembly approaches. The self-assembly approaches have attracted particular attention due to their low cost, simple fabrication processes, relative convenience of scaling up, and the ease of creating complex structures with nanometer precision. The self-assembled colloidal crystals (CCs), which are good candidates for PhCs, have offered unprecedented opportunities for photonics, optics, optoelectronics, sensing, energy harvesting, environmental remediation, pigments, and many other applications. The creation of high-quality CCs and their mass fabrication over large areas are the critical limiting factors for real-world applications. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques in the self-assembly of colloidal particles for the fabrication of large-area high-quality CCs and CCs with unique symmetries. The first part of this review summarizes the types of defects commonly encountered in the fabrication process and their effects on the optical properties of the resultant CCs. Next, the mechanisms of the formation of cracks/defects are discussed, and a range of versatile fabrication methods to create large-area crack/defect-free two-dimensional and three-dimensional CCs are described. Meanwhile, we also shed light on both the advantages and limitations of these advanced approaches developed to fabricate high-quality CCs. The self-assembly routes and achievements in the fabrication of CCs with the ability to open a complete photonic bandgap, such as cubic diamond and pyrochlore structure CCs, are discussed as well. Then emerging applications of large-area high-quality CCs and unique photonic structures enabled by the advanced self-assembly methods are illustrated. At the end of this review, we outlook the future approaches in the fabrication of perfect CCs and highlight their novel real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Cai
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576, Singapore and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Serge Ravaine
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mingxin He
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Yanlin Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hanbin Zheng
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Ao Zhang
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Meng W, Liu M, Gan Y, Pauchard L, Chen CQ. Cracking to curling transition in drying colloidal films. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2020; 43:64. [PMID: 33009958 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2020-11985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drying-induced cracking is widely encountered in nature and is of fundamental interest in industrial applications. During desiccation, the evolution of water content is nonlinear. Considering the inhomogeneous procedure of desiccation, it is worth considering whether water content will affect the crack pattern formation. To address this concern, in this paper, we report an experimental investigation on the effect of water content on the failure mode in drying colloidal films. A distinct failure transition from random cracking to curling is found when the initial water content increases gradually. When the water content is below a critical value for given film thickness, random desiccation cracking driven by shrinkage is observed. Beyond this critical water content, the film curls with the advent of several main cracks. It is also found that the critical water content corresponding to the transition point depends on the film thickness. In order to qualitatively interpret the experimental observation, a theoretical model is established by adopting the fracture mechanics based on the energy method. The model is found to agree well with the experimental results, elucidating the effects of initial water content on the crack patterns and the transition of failure modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Meng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchao Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Yixiang Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - C Q Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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Jiang Z, Hsain Z, Pikul JH. Thick Free-Standing Metallic Inverse Opals Enabled by New Insights into the Fracture of Drying Particle Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7315-7324. [PMID: 32501700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metallic inverse opals are porous materials with enhanced mechanical, chemical, thermal, and photonic properties used to improve the performance of many technologies, such as battery electrodes, photonic devices, and heat exchangers. Cracking in the drying opal templates used to fabricate inverse opals, however, is a major hindrance to the use of these materials for practical and fundamental studies. In this work, we conduct desiccation experiments on polystyrene particle opals self-assembled on indium-tin oxide coated substrates to study their fracture mechanisms, which we describe using an energy-conservation fracture model. The model incorporates film yielding, particle order, and interfacial friction to explain several experimental observations, including thickness-dependent crack spacings, cracking stresses, and order-dependent crack behavior. Guided by this model, we are the first to fabricate 120 μm thick free-standing metallic inverse opals, which are 4 times thicker than previously reported non-free-standing metallic inverse opals. Moreover, by controlling cracks, we achieve a crack-free single-crystal domain up to 1.35 mm2, the largest ever reported in metallic inverse opals. This work improves our understanding of fracture mechanics in drying particle films, provides guidelines to reduce crack formation in opal templates, and enables the fabrication of free-standing large-area single-crystal inverse opals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zakaria Hsain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Muzzillo CP, Reese MO, Mansfield LM. Fundamentals of Using Cracked Film Lithography to Pattern Transparent Conductive Metal Grids for Photovoltaics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4630-4636. [PMID: 32275439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fundamentals of using cracked film lithography (CFL) to fabricate metal grids for transparent contacts in solar cells were studied. The underlying physics of drying-induced cracks were well-predicted by an empirical correlation relating crack spacing to capillary pressure. CFL is primarily controlled by varying the crack template thickness, which establishes a three-way tradeoff between the areal density of cracks, crack width, and spacing between cracks, which in turn determine final grid transmittance, grid sheet resistance, and the semiconductor resistance for a given solar cell. Since CFL uses a lift-off process, an additional constraint is that the metal thickness must be less than 1/3 of the crack template thickness. The transmittance/grid sheet resistance/wire spacing tradeoffs measured in this work were used to calculate solar cell performance: CFL-patterned grids should outperform screen-printed grids for narrow cells (0.5-2 cm wide) and/or cells with high semiconductor sheet resistance (≥100 Ω/sq), making CFL attractive for monolithically integrated thin-film photovoltaic modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Muzzillo
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Matthew O Reese
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Lorelle M Mansfield
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Raj M
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
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Lohani D, Sarkar S. Nanoscale Topographical Fluctuations: A Key Factor for Evaporative Colloidal Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:12751-12758. [PMID: 30299962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the role of surface parameters such as the nanoscale roughness, topography, and skewness of smooth and rough Si surfaces in the shape of patterns left by evaporating colloidal droplets of spherical polystyrene particles. The droplet contact angle, colloidal deposition pattern, crack density, and rim growth velocities are experimentally evaluated for varying roughness. The contact angle and rim growth rate are found to be more for rough surfaces in comparison to smooth ones. Roughness also helps in reducing stress in the drying droplets, thereby impeding the process of crack formation as exemplified by the experimental results. The altered Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interactions emerging from the contribution of nanoscale roughness are theoretically evaluated for each differently rough substrate-particle combination. The forces have been calculated by considering large- and small-scale roughness parameters of the experimental surfaces. The experimental findings have been duly corroborated by theoretical estimates. Finally, it is observed that the skewness of the surface and the small-scale asperity radius bear a correlation with the DLVO forces and subsequently with the ring deposit pattern. The present understanding of the influence of surface fluctuations on evaporative self-assembly would enable one to choose the right topographic surface for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Lohani
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Ropar , Nangal Road , Rupnagar , Punjab 140001 , India
| | - Subhendu Sarkar
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Ropar , Nangal Road , Rupnagar , Punjab 140001 , India
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Sett A, Ayushman M, Dasgupta S, DasGupta S. Analysis of the Distinct Pattern Formation of Globular Proteins in the Presence of Micro- and Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8972-8984. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayantika Sett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 721302 Kharagpur, India
| | - Manish Ayushman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 721302 Kharagpur, India
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 721302 Kharagpur, India
| | - Sunando DasGupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 721302 Kharagpur, India
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Hristova M, Lesov I, Tcholakova S, Goletto V, Denkov N. From Pickering foams to porous carbonate materials: crack-free structuring in drying ceramics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bahmani L, Neysari M, Maleki M. The study of drying and pattern formation of whole human blood drops and the effect of thalassaemia and neonatal jaundice on the patterns. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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