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Sarkar A. Biosensing, Characterization of Biosensors, and Improved Drug Delivery Approaches Using Atomic Force Microscopy: A Review. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.798928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its invention, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has come forth as a powerful member of the “scanning probe microscopy” (SPM) family and an unparallel platform for high-resolution imaging and characterization for inorganic and organic samples, especially biomolecules, biosensors, proteins, DNA, and live cells. AFM characterizes any sample by measuring interaction force between the AFM cantilever tip (the probe) and the sample surface, and it is advantageous over other SPM and electron micron microscopy techniques as it can visualize and characterize samples in liquid, ambient air, and vacuum. Therefore, it permits visualization of three-dimensional surface profiles of biological specimens in the near-physiological environment without sacrificing their native structures and functions and without using laborious sample preparation protocols such as freeze-drying, staining, metal coating, staining, or labeling. Biosensors are devices comprising a biological or biologically extracted material (assimilated in a physicochemical transducer) that are utilized to yield electronic signal proportional to the specific analyte concentration. These devices utilize particular biochemical reactions moderated by isolated tissues, enzymes, organelles, and immune system for detecting chemical compounds via thermal, optical, or electrical signals. Other than performing high-resolution imaging and nanomechanical characterization (e.g., determining Young’s modulus, adhesion, and deformation) of biosensors, AFM cantilever (with a ligand functionalized tip) can be transformed into a biosensor (microcantilever-based biosensors) to probe interactions with a particular receptors of choice on live cells at a single-molecule level (using AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy techniques) and determine interaction forces and binding kinetics of ligand receptor interactions. Targeted drug delivery systems or vehicles composed of nanoparticles are crucial in novel therapeutics. These systems leverage the idea of targeted delivery of the drug to the desired locations to reduce side effects. AFM is becoming an extremely useful tool in figuring out the topographical and nanomechanical properties of these nanoparticles and other drug delivery carriers. AFM also helps determine binding probabilities and interaction forces of these drug delivery carriers with the targeted receptors and choose the better agent for drug delivery vehicle by introducing competitive binding. In this review, we summarize contributions made by us and other researchers so far that showcase AFM as biosensors, to characterize other sensors, to improve drug delivery approaches, and to discuss future possibilities.
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Fritz P, Bera B, van den Berg J, Visser I, Kleijn J, Boom R, Schroën C. Electrode Surface Potential-Driven Protein Adsorption and Desorption through Modulation of Electrostatic, van der Waals, and Hydration Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6549-6555. [PMID: 34008985 PMCID: PMC8280736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
When proteins in aqueous solutions are exposed to solid substrates, they adsorb due to the dynamic interplay of electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydration interactions and do so in a rather irreversible fashion, which makes protein recovery troublesome. Here, we use a gold electrode as the solid substrate and modulate the surface potential to systematically induce protein adsorption as well as partial desorption. We use different methods such as surface plasmon resonance, atomic force microscopy, and electrowetting and show that biasing the electrode to more negative potentials (by -0.4 V compared to the open-circuit potential at pH 6) results in an increased adsorption barrier of 6 kJ mol-1 for the negatively charged protein β-lactoglobulin. Further, we clearly demonstrate that this is due to an increased double layer potential of -0.06 V and an increase in hydration repulsion. This indicates that an electric potential can directly influence surface interactions and thus induce partial β-lactoglobulin desorption. These observations can be the basis for biosensors as well as separation technologies that use only one trigger to steer protein ad- and desorption, which is low in energy requirement and does not generate large waste streams, as is the case for standard protein separation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.A. Fritz
- Laboratory
of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
| | - B. Bera
- Laboratory
of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - J. van den Berg
- Laboratory
of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - I. Visser
- Laboratory
of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - J.M. Kleijn
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The
Netherlands
| | - R.M. Boom
- Laboratory
of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - C.G.P.H. Schroën
- Laboratory
of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen
University, Bornse Weilanden
9, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
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3
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Yu Y, Brió Pérez M, Cao C, de Beer S. Switching (bio-) adhesion and friction in liquid by stimulus responsive polymer coatings. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Ma X, Gosai A, Shrotriya P. Resolving electrical stimulus triggered molecular binding and force modulation upon thrombin-aptamer biointerface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 559:1-12. [PMID: 31605780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and computational approaches are utilized to investigate the influence of electrostatic fields on the binding force between human coagulation protein thrombin and its DNA aptamer. The thiolated aptamer was deposited onto gold substrate located in a liquid cell filled with binding buffer, then the thrombin-functionalized atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe was repeatedly brought into contact with the aptamer-coated surface under applied electrical potentials of -100, 0, and 100 mV respectively. Force drops during the pull-off process were measured to determine the unbinding forces between thrombin and aptamer in a range of loading rates spanning from ~3 × 102 to ~1 × 104 pN/s. The results from experiments showed that both of the binding strength and propensity of the complex are drastically diminished under positive electrode potential, whereas there is no influence on the molecular binding from negative electrode potential. We also used a theoretical analysis to explain the nature of electrostatic potential and field inside the aptamer-thrombin layer, which in turn could quantify the influence of the electrostatically repulsive force on a thrombin molecule that promotes dissociation from the aptamer due to positive electrode potential, and achieve good agreement with the experimental results. The study confirms the feasibility of electrostatic modulation upon the binding interaction between thrombin and aptamer, and implicates an underlying application perspective upon nanoscale manipulation of the stimuli responsive biointerface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Agnivo Gosai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Pranav Shrotriya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Esmaeilzadeh P, Groth T. Switchable and Obedient Interfacial Properties That Grant New Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25637-25653. [PMID: 31283160 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toward imitating the natural smartness and responsivity of biological systems, surface interfacial properties are considered to be responsive and tunable if they show a reactive behavior to an environmental stimulus. This is still quite different from many contemporary biomaterials that lack responsiveness to interact with blood and different body tissues in a physiological manner. Meanwhile it is possible to even go one step further from responsiveness to dual-mode switchability and explore "switchable" or "reversible" responses of synthetic materials. We understand "switchable biomaterials" as materials undergoing a stepwise, structural transformation coupled with considerable changes of interfacial and other surface properties as a response to a stimulus. Therewith, a survey on stimuli-induced dynamic changes of charge, wettability, stiffness, topography, porosity, and thickness/swelling is presented here, as potentially powerful new technologies especially for future biomaterial development. Since living cells constantly sense their environment through a variety of surface receptors and other mechanisms, these obedient interfacial properties were particularly discussed regarding their advantageous multifunctionality for protein adsorption and cell adhesion signaling, which may alter in time and with environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Esmaeilzadeh
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Heinrich Damerow Strasse 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Science , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Heinrich Damerow Strasse 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Heinrich Damerow Strasse 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Science , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Heinrich Damerow Strasse 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Applied Sciences , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Choi I, Lee J, Kim W, Kang H, Bae SW, Chang R, Kim S, Yeo WS. On-Demand Modulation of Bacterial Cell Fates on Multifunctional Dynamic Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:4324-4332. [PMID: 29318876 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports unprecedented dynamic surfaces based on zwitterionic low-density self-assembled monolayers (LDSAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold, which integrate three interconvertible states-bacteria-adherable, bactericidal, and nonfouling states-through electrical modulations. The conformations of alkanethiolates were electrically modulated to generate zwitterionic, anionic, and cationic surfaces, which responded differently to bacteria and determined the fate of bacteria. Furthermore, the reversible switching of multifunctions of the surface was realized for killing bacteria and subsequently releasing dead bacteria from the surface. For practical application of our strategy, we examined the selective antibacterial effect of our surface for eradication of mycoplasma contaminants in contaminated mammalian cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wontae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University , Seoul 139-741, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Se Won Bae
- Green Materials and Process Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , Cheonan 31056, Korea
| | - Rakwoo Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University , Seoul 139-741, Republic of Korea
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Duc C, Vlandas A, Malliaras GG, Senez V. Electrowetting on Immersed Conducting Hydrogel. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9947-9956. [PMID: 28930452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers demonstrate an interesting ability to change their wettability at ultralow voltage (<1 V). While the conducting hydrogel poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is increasingly used as an interface with biology partly thanks to its mechanical properties, little is known about the electrical control of its wettability. We rely on the captive bubble technique to study this hydrogel property under relevant conditions (fully immerged). We here report that the wettability variations of PEDOT:PSS are driven by an electrowetting phenomenon in contrast to other conducting polymers which are thought to undergo wettability changes due to oxido-reduction reactions. In addition, we propose a modified electrowetting model to describe the wettability variations of PEDOT:PSS in aqueous solution under ultralow voltage and we show how these variations can be tuned in different ranges of contact angles (above or under 90°) by coating the PEDOT:PSS surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Duc
- BioMEMS, Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN , F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexis Vlandas
- BioMEMS, Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN , F-59000 Lille, France
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Vincent Senez
- BioMEMS, Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN , F-59000 Lille, France
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Li C, Huang Z, Liu Z, Ci L, Liu Z, Liu Y, Yan X, Lu W. Sulfonate-modified phenylboronic acid-rich nanoparticles as a novel mucoadhesive drug delivery system for vaginal administration of protein therapeutics: improved stability, mucin-dependent release and effective intravaginal placement. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5917-5930. [PMID: 27877038 PMCID: PMC5108605 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s113658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective interaction between mucoadhesive drug delivery systems and mucin is the basis of effective local placement of drugs to play its therapeutic role after mucosal administration including vaginal use, which especially requires prolonged drug presence for the treatment of gynecological infectious diseases. Our previous report on phenylboronic acid-rich nanoparticles (PBNPs) demonstrated their strong interaction with mucin and mucin-sensitive release profiles of the model protein therapeutics interferon (IFN) in vitro, but their poor stability and obvious tendency to aggregate over time severely limited future application. In this study, sulfonate-modified PBNPs (PBNP-S) were designed as a stable mucoadhesive drug delivery system where the negative charges conferred by sulfonate groups prevented aggregation of nanoparticles and the phenylboronic acid groups ensured effective interaction with mucin over a wide pH range. Results suggested that PBNP-S were of spherical morphology with narrow size distribution (123.5 nm, polydispersity index 0.050), good stability over a wide pH range and 3-month storage and considerable in vitro mucoadhesion capability at vaginal pH as shown by mucin adsorption determination. IFN could be loaded to PBNP-S by physical adsorption with high encapsulation efficiency and released in a mucin-dependent manner in vitro. In vivo near-infrared fluorescent whole animal imaging and quantitative vaginal lavage followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay of IFN demonstrated that PBNP-S could stay in the vagina and maintain intravaginal IFN level for much longer time than IFN solution (24 hours vs several hours) without obvious histological irritation to vaginal mucosa after vaginal administration to mice. In summary, good stability, easy loading and controllable release of protein therapeutics, in vitro and in vivo mucoadhesive properties and local safety of PBNP-S suggested it as a promising nanoscale mucoadhesive drug delivery system for vaginal administration of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunYan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin
| | - ZhiGang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University
| | - ZheShuo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin
| | - LiQian Ci
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhePeng Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University
| | - XueYing Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin
| | - WeiYue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University
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9
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Dos Ramos L, Lajoinie G, Kieviet BD, de Beer S, Versluis M, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ. Redox control of capillary filling speed in poly(ferrocenylsilane)-modified microfluidic channels for switchable delay valves. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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de Beer S, Mensink LIS, Kieviet BD. Geometry-Dependent Insertion Forces on Particles in Swollen Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology
of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liz I. S. Mensink
- Materials Science and Technology
of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard D. Kieviet
- Materials Science and Technology
of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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11
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Li W, Trosien S, Schenderlein H, Graf M, Biesalski M. Preparation of photochromic paper, using fibre-attached spiropyran polymer networks. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiropyran-based photochromic paper was prepared by covalent immobilisation of functional polymer networks. The sensitivity of the UV-induced colour change was dynamically adjusted by a damping method. Thereby, a colourimetric UV sensor was designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universitaet Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - S. Trosien
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universitaet Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - H. Schenderlein
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universitaet Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - M. Graf
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universitaet Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - M. Biesalski
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universitaet Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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Hailes RLN, Oliver AM, Gwyther J, Whittell GR, Manners I. Polyferrocenylsilanes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5358-407. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review covers polyferrocenylsilanes (PFSs), a well-established, readily accessible class of main chain organosilicon metallopolymer. The focus is on the recent advances involving PFS homopolymers and block copolymers and the article covers the synthesis, properties, and applications of these fascinating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol
- UK
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13
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Luo ZH. PhotoATRP-Based Fluorinated Thermosensitive Block Copolymer for Controllable Water/Oil Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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