1
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Mainali BP, Pattadar DK, Sharma JN, Zamborini FP. Electrochemical Analysis of the Thermal Stability of 0.9-4.1 nm Diameter Gold Nanoclusters. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37506045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the thermal properties of weakly stabilized 0.9, 1.6, and 4.1 nm Au nanoparticles (NPs)/nanoclusters (NCs) attached to indium-tin-oxide- or fluorine-doped-tin-oxide-coated glass electrodes (glass/ITO or glass/FTO). The peak oxidation potential (Ep) for Au measured by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) is indicative of the NP/NC size. Heating leads to a positive shift in Ep due to an increase in NP/NC size from thermal ripening. The size transition temperature (Tt) decreases with decreasing NP/NC size following the order of 4.1 nm (509 °C) > 1.6 nm (132 °C) > 0.9 nm (90 °C/109 °C, two transitions) as compared to the bulk melting point (Tm,b) for Au of 1064 °C. The Tt generally agrees with models describing the size-dependent melting point of Au NPs (Tm,NP) for 4.1 and 1.6 nm diameter Au NPs but is higher than the models for 0.9 nm Au NCs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-vis size analysis confirm the electrochemical results. The thermal stability of electrode-supported metal NPs/NCs is important for their effective use in catalysis, sensing, nanoelectronics, photovoltaics, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri P Mainali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Dhruba K Pattadar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Jay N Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Francis P Zamborini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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2
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Missoni LL, Tagliazucchi M. The Phase Behavior of Nanoparticle Superlattices in the Presence of a Solvent. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5649-5658. [PMID: 32286787 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Superlattices of nanoparticles coated by alkyl-chain ligands are usually prepared from a stable solution by evaporation, therefore the pathway of superlattice self-assembly critically depends on the amount of solvent present within it. This work addresses the role of the solvent on the structure and the relative stability of the different supercrystalline phases of single-component superlattices (simple cubic, body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close-packed). The study is performed with a molecular theory for nanoparticle superlattices introduced in this work, which predicts the structure and thermodynamics of the supercrystals explicitly treating the presence and molecular details of the solvent and the ligands. The theory predicts a FCC-BCC transition with decreasing solvent content due to the competition between the translational entropy of the solvent and the entropy and internal energy of the ligands. This result provides an explanation for recent experimental observations by in situ X-ray scattering, which reported a FCC-BCC transition during solvent evaporation. The theory also predicts the effects of the length and surface coverage of the ligands and the radius of the core on the phase behavior in agreement with experimental evidence and previous molecular dynamics simulations. These results validate the use of the dimensionless softness parameter λ (ratio of ligand length to core radius) to predict the phase behavior of wet superlattices. Our results stress the importance of explicitly considering the presence of the solvent in order to reach a complete picture of the mechanisms that mediate the self-assembly of nanoparticle superlattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro L Missoni
- Instituto de Quı́mica Fı́sica de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energı́a and Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica Analı́tica y Quı́mica Fı́sica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Mario Tagliazucchi
- Instituto de Quı́mica Fı́sica de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energı́a and Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica Analı́tica y Quı́mica Fı́sica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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3
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Lei W, Xu J, Yu Y, Yang W, Hou Y, Chen D. Halide Ion-Mediated Synthesis of L1 0-FePt Nanoparticles with Tunable Magnetic Properties. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7839-7844. [PMID: 30433792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
L10-FePt nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential in areas of advanced magnetic and catalytic applications. Here, we present a facile control route for synthesis of hard magnetic L10-FePt NPs in which halide ions (Cl-, Br-, or I-) were added to the synthetic process to promote the phase transformation. It is confirmed that the strong ionic binding force between halide ions and Fe3+ or Pt2+ ions could facilitate the formation of L10-FePt phase due to favoring growth of FePt NPs in a more thermodynamically stable way, which enables the formation of an ordered structure. L10-FePt NPs with the highest coercivity of 8.64 kOe and saturation magnetization of 64.21 emu/g at room temperature can be directly obtained by controlling the amount of the halide ions. In comparison with conventional solution phase reduction methods, the halide ion-assisted method shows enhanced capability to tune the growth of hard magnetic bimetallic NPs, particularly Pt-based bimetallic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Lei
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoeletric Materials and Devices (BKL-MEMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Yanglong Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoeletric Materials and Devices (BKL-MEMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Dafa Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
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4
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Space- and time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering to probe assembly of silver nanocrystal superlattices. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4211. [PMID: 30310061 PMCID: PMC6181943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of nanocrystal superlattices has been extensively studied and well documented, however, their assembly process is poorly understood. In this work, we demonstrate an in situ space- and time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering measurement that we use to probe the assembly of silver nanocrystal superlattices driven by electric fields. The electric field creates a nanocrystal flux to the surface, providing a systematic means to vary the nanocrystal concentration near the electrode and thereby to initiate nucleation and growth of superlattices in several minutes. Using this approach, we measure the space- and time-resolved concentration and polydispersity gradients during deposition and show how they affect the superlattice constant and degree of order. We find that the field induces a size-selection effect that can reduce the polydispersity near the substrate by 21% leading to better quality crystals and resulting in field strength-dependent superlattice lattice constants.
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5
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Ghosh S, Manna L. The Many "Facets" of Halide Ions in the Chemistry of Colloidal Inorganic Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7804-7864. [PMID: 30062881 PMCID: PMC6107855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, scientists have identified various synthetic "handles" while developing wet chemical protocols for achieving a high level of shape and compositional complexity in colloidal nanomaterials. Halide ions have emerged as one such handle which serve as important surface active species that regulate nanocrystal (NC) growth and concomitant physicochemical properties. Halide ions affect the NC growth kinetics through several means, including selective binding on crystal facets, complexation with the precursors, and oxidative etching. On the other hand, their presence on the surfaces of semiconducting NCs stimulates interesting changes in the intrinsic electronic structure and interparticle communication in the NC solids eventually assembled from them. Then again, halide ions also induce optoelectronic tunability in NCs where they form part of the core, through sheer composition variation. In this review, we describe these roles of halide ions in the growth of nanostructures and the physical changes introduced by them and thereafter demonstrate the commonality of these effects across different classes of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Ghosh
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Liberato Manna
- Department
of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
(IIT), via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Kavli Institute
of Nanoscience and Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Guillaussier A, Yu Y, Voggu VR, Aigner W, Cabezas CS, Houck DW, Shah T, Smilgies DM, Pereira RN, Stutzmann M, Korgel BA. Silicon Nanocrystal Superlattice Nucleation and Growth. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13068-13076. [PMID: 29058436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal dodecene-passivated silicon (Si) nanocrystals were dispersed in hexane or chloroform and deposited onto substrates as face-centered cubic superlattices by slowly evaporating the solvent. The uniformity of the nanocrystals enables extended order; however, the solvent and the evaporation protocol significantly influence the self-assembly process, determining the morphology of the films, the extent of order, and the superlattice orientation on the substrate. Chloroform yielded superlattices with step-flow growth morphologies and (111)SL, (100)SL, and (110)SL orientations. Hexane led to mostly island morphologies when evaporated at room temperature with exclusively (111)SL orientations. Higher evaporation temperatures led to more extensive step-flow deposition. A model for the surface diffusion of nanocrystals adsorbed on the superlattice surface is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Guillaussier
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Yixuan Yu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Vikas Reddy Voggu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Willi Aigner
- Technische Universität München, Walter Schottky Institut , Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Camila Saez Cabezas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Daniel W Houck
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Tushti Shah
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui N Pereira
- Technische Universität München, Walter Schottky Institut , Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- Technische Universität München, Walter Schottky Institut , Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Brian A Korgel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
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7
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Yu Y, Guillaussier A, Voggu VR, Houck DW, Smilgies DM, Korgel BA. Bubble Assemblies of Nanocrystals: Superlattices without a Substrate. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4865-4871. [PMID: 28933866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to create free-standing nanocrystal films in the form of solidified bubbles. Bubbles of octadecanethiol-capped gold nanocrystals were studied by in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to determine how the absence of an underlying substrate influences a disorder-order transition of a nanocrystal superlattice. We find that the presence of the substrate does not significantly change the nature of the disorder-order transition but does lead to reduced interparticle separation and reduced thermal expansion. Bubble assemblies of silicon and copper selenide nanocrystals are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Yu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Adrien Guillaussier
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Vikas Reddy Voggu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Daniel W Houck
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian A Korgel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1062, United States
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8
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Yu Y, Yu D, Orme CA. Reversible, Tunable, Electric-Field Driven Assembly of Silver Nanocrystal Superlattices. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3862-3869. [PMID: 28511013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystal superlattices are typically fabricated by either solvent evaporation or destabilization methods that require long time periods to generate highly ordered structures. In this paper, we report for the first time the use of electric fields to reversibly drive nanocrystal assembly into superlattices without changing solvent volume or composition, and show that this method only takes 20 min to produce polyhedral colloidal crystals, which would otherwise need days or weeks. This method offers a way to control the lattice constants and degree of preferential orientation for superlattices and can suppress the uniaxial superlattice contraction associated with solvent evaporation. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering experiments indicated that nanocrystal superlattices were formed while solvated, not during drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Yu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Dian Yu
- University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christine A Orme
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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9
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Narayanan T, Wacklin H, Konovalov O, Lund R. Recent applications of synchrotron radiation and neutrons in the study of soft matter. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2016.1277212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Xue X, Niu M, Xu Y, Wang Y. Thermoregulated phase-separable rhodium nanoparticle catalyst for selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10351d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient and recyclable thermoregulated phase-separable Rhnano catalysts applied for the selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuru Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- PR China
| | - Mingming Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- PR China
| | - Yicheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- PR China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- PR China
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11
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Wang C, Chen DP, Sang X, Unocic RR, Skrabalak SE. Size-Dependent Disorder-Order Transformation in the Synthesis of Monodisperse Intermetallic PdCu Nanocatalysts. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6345-6353. [PMID: 27214313 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The high performance of Pd-based intermetallic nanocatalysts has the potential to replace Pt-containing catalysts for fuel-cell reactions. Conventionally, intermetallic particles are obtained through the annealing of nanoparticles of a random alloy distribution. However, this method inevitably leads to sintering of the nanoparticles and generates polydisperse samples. Here, monodisperse PdCu nanoparticles with the ordered B2 phase were synthesized by seed-mediated co-reduction using PdCu nanoparticle seeds with a random alloy distribution (A1 phase). A time-evolution study suggests that the particles must overcome a size-dependent activation barrier for the ordering process to occur. Characterization of the as-prepared PdCu B2 nanoparticles by electron microscopy techniques revealed surface segregation of Pd as a thin shell over the PdCu core. The ordered nanoparticles exhibit superior activity and durability for the oxygen reduction reaction in comparison with PdCu A1 nanoparticles. This seed-mediated co-reduction strategy produced monodisperse nanoparticles ideally suited for structure-activity studies. Moreover, the study of their growth mechanism provides insights into the size dependence of disorder-order transformations of bimetallic alloys at the nanoscale, which should enable the design of synthetic strategies toward other intermetallic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dennis P Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Xiahan Sang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Raymond R Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sara E Skrabalak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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12
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van der Stam W, Rabouw FT, Vonk SJW, Geuchies JJ, Ligthart H, Petukhov AV, de Mello Donega C. Oleic Acid-Induced Atomic Alignment of ZnS Polyhedral Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2608-14. [PMID: 26930124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ordered two-dimensional (2D) superstructures of colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) can be tailored by the size, shape, composition, and surface chemistry of the NC building blocks, which can give directionality to the resulting superstructure geometry. The exact formation mechanism of 2D NC superstructures is however not yet fully understood. Here, we show that oleic acid (OA) ligands induce atomic alignment of wurtzite ZnS bifrustum-shaped NCs. We find that in the presence of OA ligands the {002} facets of the ZnS bifrustums preferentially adhere to the liquid-air interface. Furthermore, OA ligands induce inter-NC interactions that also orient the NCs in the plane of the liquid-air interface, resulting in atomically aligned 2D superstructures. We follow the self-assembly process in real-time with in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and find that the NCs form a hexagonal superstructure at early stages after which they come closer over time, resulting in a close-packed NC superstructure. Our results demonstrate the profound influence that surface ligands have on the directionality of 2D NC superstructures and highlight the importance of detailed in situ studies in order to understand the self-assembly of NCs into 2D superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward van der Stam
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy T Rabouw
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander J W Vonk
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco J Geuchies
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ligthart
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei V Petukhov
- Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , P.O. Box 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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