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Liu Y, Yang J, Tao C, Lee H, Chen M, Xu Z, Peng H, Huan X, Li J, Cheng X, Kim JT. Meniscus-Guided 3D Microprinting of Pure Metal-Organic Frameworks with High Gas-Uptake Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7184-7191. [PMID: 35084825 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising nanoporous functional material system; however, the practicality of shaping freeform MOF monoliths, while retaining their porosity, remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate that meniscus-guided three-dimensional (3D) printing can produce pure MOF monoliths with high gas-uptake performance. The method exploits a femtoliter precursor ink meniscus to highly confine and guide supersaturation-driven crystallization in a layer-by-layer manner to print a pure HKUST-1 micro-monolith with a high spatial resolution of <3 μm. The proposed 3D printing technique does not involve rheological additives, binders, or mechanical forces. Thus, the resulting HKUST-1 monolith displays a prominently high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 1192 m2/g, which is superior to monoliths produced using other 3D printing approaches. This technique enables both structural design freedom and high material performance in the manufacturing of MOFs for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 00000, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jihyuk Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 00000, China
| | - Chaoran Tao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Heekwon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 00000, China
| | - Mojun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 00000, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 00000, China
| | - Huiren Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Huan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 00000, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 00000, China
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Lee JJ, Berthier J, Kearney KE, Berthier E, Theberge AB. Open-Channel Capillary Trees and Capillary Pumping. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12795-12803. [PMID: 32936651 PMCID: PMC8259885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Velocity of capillary flow in closed or open channels decreases as the flow proceeds down the length of the channel, varying as the inverse of the square root of time or as the inverse of travel distance. In order to increase the flow rate-and extend the duration of the flow-capillary pumps have been designed by mimicking the pumping principle of paper or cotton fibers. These designs provide a larger volume available for the wicking of the liquids. In microsystems for biotechnology, different designs have been developed based on experimental observation. In the present paper, the mechanisms at the basis of capillary pumping are investigated using a theoretical model for the flow in an open-channel "capillary tree" (i.e., an ensemble of channels with bifurcations mimicking the shape of a tree). The model is checked against experiments. Rules for obtaining better designs of capillary pumps are proposed; specifically, we find (1) when using a capillary tree with identical channel cross-sectional areas throughout, it is possible to maintain nearly constant flow rates throughout the channel network, (2) flow rate can be increased at each branch point of a capillary tree by slightly decreasing the areas of the channel cross section and decreasing the channel lengths at each level of ramification within the tree, and (3) higher order branching (trifurcations vs bifurcations) amplify the flow rate effect. This work lays the foundation for increasing the flow rate in open microfluidic channels driven by capillary flow; we expect this to have broad impact across open microfluidics for biological and chemical applications such as cell culture, sample preparation, separations, and on-chip reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kathleen E. Kearney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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Byers K, Bird AR, Cho HD, Linnes JC. Fully Dried Two-Dimensional Paper Network for Enzymatically Enhanced Detection of Nucleic Acid Amplicons. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4673-4681. [PMID: 32175514 PMCID: PMC7066650 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional paper networks (2DPNs) have enabled the use of paper-based platforms to perform multistep immunoassays for detection of pathogenic diseases at the point-of-care. To date, however, detection has required the user to provide multiple signal enhancement solutions and been limited to protein targets. We solve these challenges by using mathematical equations to guide the device design of a novel 2DPN, which leverages multiple fluidic inputs to apply fully dried solutions of hydrogen peroxide, diaminobenzidine, and horseradish peroxidase signal enhancement reagents to enhance the limit-of-detection of numerous nucleic acid products. Upon rehydration in our unique 2DPN design, the dried signal enhancement solution reduces the limit-of-detection (LOD) of the device to 5 × 1011 nucleic acid copies/mL without increasing false positive detection. Our easy-to-use device retains activity after 28 days of dry storage and produces reliable signal enhancement 40 min after sample application. The fully integrated device demonstrated versatility in its ability to detect double-stranded and single-stranded DNA samples, as well as peptide nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna R. Bird
- Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - HyunDae D. Cho
- CrossLife
Technologies Inc., Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
| | - Jacqueline C. Linnes
- Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 1-765-496-1012
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Kim T, Kim GW, Jeong H, Kim G, Jang S. Equilibrium structures of water molecules confined within a multiply connected carbon nanotube: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 22:252-257. [PMID: 31808474 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Water confinement inside a carbon nanotube (CNT) has been one of the most exciting subjects of both experimental and theoretical interest. Most of the previous studies, however, considered CNT structures with simple cylindrical shapes. In this paper, we report a classical molecular dynamics study of the equilibrium structural arrangement of water molecules confined in a multiply connected carbon nanotube (MCCNT) containing two Y-junctions. We investigate the structural arrangement of the water molecules in the MCCNT in terms of the density of water molecules and the average number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule. Our results show that the structural rearrangement of the H2O molecules takes place several angstroms ahead of the Y-junction, rather than only at the CNT junction itself. This phenomenon arises because it is difficult to match the boundary condition for hydrogen bonding in the region where two different hydrogen-bonded structures are interconnected with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
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Lee JJ, Berthier J, Theberge AB, Berthier E. Capillary Flow in Open Microgrooves: Bifurcations and Networks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:10667-10675. [PMID: 31318573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Open capillary flows are increasingly used in biotechnology, biology, thermics, and space science. So far, the dynamics of capillary flows has been studied mostly for confined channels. However, the theory of open microfluidics has considerably progressed during the last years, and an expression for the travel distance has been derived, generalizing the well-known theory of Lucas, Washburn, and Rideal. This generalization is based on the use of the average friction length and generalized Cassie angle. In this work, we successively study the spontaneous capillary flow in uniform cross section open rounded U-grooves-for which methods to determine the friction lengths are proposed-the flow behavior at a bifurcation, and finally flow in a simple-loop network. We show that after a bifurcation, the Lucas-Washburn-Rideal law needs to be adapted and the relation between the travel distance and time is more complicated than the square root of time dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing J Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jean Berthier
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Ashleigh B Theberge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
- Department of Urology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , Washington 98105 , United States
| | - Erwin Berthier
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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Abstract
Open microfluidic capillary systems are a rapidly evolving branch of microfluidics where fluids are manipulated by capillary forces in channels lacking physical walls on all sides. Typical channel geometries include grooves, rails, or beams and complex systems with multiple air-liquid interfaces. Removing channel walls allows access for retrieval (fluid sampling) and addition (pipetting reagents or adding objects like tissue scaffolds) at any point in the channel; the entire channel becomes a "device-to-world" interface, whereas such interfaces are limited to device inlets and outlets in traditional closed-channel microfluidics. Open microfluidic capillary systems are simple to fabricate and reliable to operate. Prototyping methods (e.g., 3D printing) and manufacturing methods (e.g., injection molding) can be used seamlessly, accelerating development. This Perspective highlights fundamentals of open microfluidic capillary systems including unique advantages, design considerations, fabrication methods, and analytical considerations for flow; device features that can be combined to create a "toolbox" for fluid manipulation; and applications in biology, diagnostics, chemistry, sensing, and biphasic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Berthier
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ashley M. Dostie
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ulri N. Lee
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jean Berthier
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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Liu M, Suo S, Wu J, Gan Y, Ah Hanaor D, Chen CQ. Tailoring porous media for controllable capillary flow. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 539:379-387. [PMID: 30594833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Control of capillary flow through porous media has broad practical implications. However, achieving accurate and reliable control of such processes by tuning the pore size or by modification of interface wettability remains challenging. Here we propose that the liquid flow by capillary penetration can be accurately adjusted by tuning the geometry of porous media. METHODOLOGIES On the basis of Darcy's law, a general framework is proposed to facilitate the control of capillary flow in porous systems by tailoring the geometric shape of porous structures. A numerical simulation approach based on finite element method is also employed to validate the theoretical prediction. FINDINGS A basic capillary component with a tunable velocity gradient is designed according to the proposed framework. By using the basic component, two functional capillary elements, namely, (i) flow accelerator and (ii) flow resistor, are demonstrated. Then, multi-functional fluidic devices with controllable capillary flow are realized by assembling the designed capillary elements. All the theoretical designs are validated by numerical simulations. Finally, it is shown that the proposed concept can be extended to three-dimensional design of porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Si Suo
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiang Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dorian Ah Hanaor
- Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - C Q Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Olanrewaju A, Beaugrand M, Yafia M, Juncker D. Capillary microfluidics in microchannels: from microfluidic networks to capillaric circuits. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2323-2347. [PMID: 30010168 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00458g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics offer economy of reagents, rapid liquid delivery, and potential for automation of many reactions, but often require peripheral equipment for flow control. Capillary microfluidics can deliver liquids in a pre-programmed manner without peripheral equipment by exploiting surface tension effects encoded by the geometry and surface chemistry of a microchannel. Here, we review the history and progress of microchannel-based capillary microfluidics spanning over three decades. To both reflect recent experimental and conceptual progress, and distinguish from paper-based capillary microfluidics, we adopt the more recent terminology of capillaric circuits (CCs). We identify three distinct waves of development driven by microfabrication technologies starting with early implementations in industry using machining and lamination, followed by development in the context of micro total analysis systems (μTAS) and lab-on-a-chip devices using cleanroom microfabrication, and finally a third wave that arose with advances in rapid prototyping technologies. We discuss the basic physical laws governing capillary flow, deconstruct CCs into basic circuit elements including capillary pumps, stop valves, trigger valves, retention valves, and so on, and describe their operating principle and limitations. We discuss applications of CCs starting with the most common usage in automating liquid delivery steps for immunoassays, and highlight emerging applications such as DNA analysis. Finally, we highlight recent developments in rapid prototyping of CCs and the benefits offered including speed, low cost, and greater degrees of freedom in CC design. The combination of better analytical models and lower entry barriers (thanks to advances in rapid manufacturing) make CCs both a fertile research area and an increasingly capable technology for user-friendly and high-performance laboratory and diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunle Olanrewaju
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Genome Quebec and McGill University Innovation Centre, Canada.
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Ebrahimi F, Ramazani F, Sahimi M. Nanojunction Effects on Water Flow in Carbon Nanotubes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7752. [PMID: 29773862 PMCID: PMC5958144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the results of extensive molecular dynamics simulation of water imbibition in carbon nanotubes (CNTs), connected together by converging or diverging nanojunctions in various configurations. The goal of the study is to understand the effect of the nanojunctions on the interface motion, as well as the differences between what we study and water imbibition in microchannels. While the dynamics of water uptake in the entrance CNT is the same as that of imbibition in straight CNTs, with the main source of energy dissipation being the friction at the entrance, water uptake in the exit CNT is more complex due to significant energy loss in the nanojunctions. We derive an approximate but accurate expression for the pressure drop in the nanojunction. A remarkable difference between dynamic wetting of nano- and microjunctions is that, whereas water absorption time in the latter depends only on the ratios of the radii and of the lengths of the channels, the same is not true about the former, which is shown to be strongly dependent upon the size of each segment of the nanojunction. Interface pinning-depinning also occurs at the convex edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ebrahimi
- Physics Department, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97175-615, Iran
| | | | - Muhammad Sahimi
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1211, USA.
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Shou D, Fan J. Design of Nanofibrous and Microfibrous Channels for Fast Capillary Flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1235-1241. [PMID: 29249150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The speed of capillary flow is a key bottleneck in improving the performance of nanofluidic and microfluidic devices for various applications including microfluidic diagnostics, thermal management heat pipes, micromolding devices, functional fabrics, and oil-water separators. Here, we present a novel nanofibrous or microfibrous hollow-wedged channel (named as W-Channel), which can significantly speed up the capillary flow. The capillary flow in the initial 100 s in the nanofibrous W-Channel was shown to be 8 times faster than that in the single-layer strip of the same material when placed vertically and over 20 times faster when placed horizontally. The enhanced flow under gravity is attributed to the adaptive interplay of capillary pressure and flow resistance within the triangular hollow wedge between the fibrous layers. The W-Channel can be fabricated following a simple procedure using inexpensive materials such as electrospun nanofibers or microfibrous filter papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Shou
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jintu Fan
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Altundemir S, Uguz AK, Ulgen K. A review on wax printed microfluidic paper-based devices for international health. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:041501. [PMID: 28936274 PMCID: PMC5577007 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics has attracted attention for the last ten years due to its advantages such as low sample volume requirement, ease of use, portability, high sensitivity, and no necessity to well-equipped laboratory equipment and well-trained manpower. These characteristics have made paper platforms a promising alternative for a variety of applications such as clinical diagnosis and quantitative analysis of chemical and biological substances. Among the wide range of fabrication methods for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), the wax printing method is suitable for high throughput production and requires only a commercial printer and a heating source to fabricate complex two or three-dimensional structures for multipurpose systems. μPADs can be used by anyone for in situ diagnosis and analysis; therefore, wax printed μPADs are promising especially in resource limited environments where people cannot get sensitive and fast diagnosis of their serious health problems and where food, water, and related products are not able to be screened for toxic elements. This review paper is focused on the applications of paper-based microfluidic devices fabricated by the wax printing technique and used for international health. Besides presenting the current limitations and advantages, the future directions of this technology including the commercial aspects are discussed. As a conclusion, the wax printing technology continues to overcome the current limitations and to be one of the promising fabrication techniques. In the near future, with the increase of the current interest of the industrial companies on the paper-based technology, the wax-printed paper-based platforms are expected to take place especially in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Altundemir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A K Uguz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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Effect of Nanoparticles on Spontaneous Imbibition of Water into Ultraconfined Reservoir Capillary by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10040506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Gosselin D, Huet M, Cubizolles M, Rabaud D, Belgacem N, Chaussy D, Berthier J. Viscoelastic capillary flow: the case of whole blood. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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