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Liu X, Liu CF, Xu S, Cheng T, Wang S, Lai WY, Huang W. Porous organic polymers for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3181-3225. [PMID: 35348147 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00065b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of addressing the global warming issue and fossil energy shortage, eco-friendly and sustainable renewable energy technologies are urgently needed. In comparison to energy conversion, studies on energy storage fall behind and remain largely to be explored. By storing energy from electrochemical processes at the electrode surface, supercapacitors (SCs) bridge the performance gap between electrostatic double-layer capacitors and batteries. Organic electrode materials have drawn extensive attention because of their special power density, good round trip efficiency and excellent cycle stability. Porous organic polymers (POPs) have drawn extensive attention as attractive electrode materials in SCs. In this review, we present and discuss recent advancements and design principles of POPs as efficient electrode materials for SCs from the perspectives of synthetic strategies and the structure-performance relationships of POPs. Finally, we put forward the outlook and prospects of POPs for SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Cheng-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shihao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China. .,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays (SKLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China. .,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Li Z, Wang L, Malpass‐Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Mathwig K, Fletcher PJ, Marken F. Ionic Diode and Molecular Pump Phenomena Associated with Caffeic Acid Accumulated into an Intrinsically Microporous Polyamine (PIM‐EA‐TB). ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkai Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Richard Malpass‐Evans
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JF UK
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry Swansea University, College of Science, Grove Building Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JF UK
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Stichting imec Nederland within OnePlanet Research Center Bronland 10 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip J. Fletcher
- University of Bath Materials & Chemical Characterisation Facility MC2 Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
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Marken F, Carta M, McKeown NB. Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity in the Design of Electrochemical Multicomponent and Multiphase Interfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1213-1220. [PMID: 33369401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (or PIMs) provide porous materials due to their highly contorted and rigid macromolecular structures, which prevent space-efficient packing. PIMs are readily dissolved in solvents and can be cast into robust microporous coatings and membranes. With a typical micropore size range of around 1 nm and a typical surface area of 700-1000 m2 g-1, PIMs offer channels for ion/molecular transport and pores for gaseous species, solids, and liquids to coexist. Electrode surfaces are readily modified with coatings or composite films to provide interfaces for solid|solid|liquid or solid|liquid|liquid or solid|liquid|gas multiphase electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, College of Science, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K
| | - Neil B McKeown
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JF, U.K
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Fan B, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Marken F. Polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) films and membranes in electrochemical energy storage and conversion: A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Wang L, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Marken F. The immobilisation and reactivity of Fe(CN)63−/4− in an intrinsically microporous polyamine (PIM-EA-TB). J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractProtonation of the molecularly rigid polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-EA-TB can be coupled to immobilisation of Fe(CN)63−/4− (as well as immobilisation of Prussian blue) into 1–2 nm diameter channels. The resulting films provide redox-active coatings on glassy carbon electrodes. Uptake, transport, and retention of Fe(CN)63−/4− in the microporous polymer are strongly pH dependent requiring protonation of the PIM-EA-TB (pKA ≈ 4). Both Fe(CN)64− and Fe(CN)63− can be immobilised, but Fe(CN)64− appears to bind tighter to the polymer backbone presumably via bridging protons. Loss of Fe(CN)63−/4− by leaching into the aqueous solution phase becomes significant only at pH > 9 and is likely to be associated with hydroxide anions directly entering the microporous structure to combine with protons. This and the interaction of Fe(CN)63−/4− and protons within the molecularly rigid PIM-EA-TB host are suggested to be responsible for retention and relatively slow leaching processes. Electrocatalysis with immobilised Fe(CN)63−/4− is demonstrated for the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
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Jeon JW, Kim HJ, Jung KH, Lee J, Kim YS, Kim BG, Lee J. Carbonization of Carboxylate‐Functionalized Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for Water Treatment. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Woo Jeon
- Advanced Materials DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 141 Gajeong‐ro Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringSeoul National University 599 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 088026 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Joong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringSeoul National University 599 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 088026 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Jung
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringSeoul National University 599 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 088026 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Advanced Materials DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 141 Gajeong‐ro Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Kim
- Advanced Materials DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 141 Gajeong‐ro Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence MaterialsUniversity of Science and Technology 217 Gajeong‐ro Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Gak Kim
- Advanced Materials DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 141 Gajeong‐ro Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence MaterialsUniversity of Science and Technology 217 Gajeong‐ro Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Chan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringSeoul National University 599 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 088026 Republic of Korea
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Marken F, Madrid E, Zhao Y, Carta M, McKeown NB. Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity in Triphasic Electrochemistry: Perspectives. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Yuanzhu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry Swansea University, College of Science Grove Building Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EAstChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
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Adamik RK, Hernández-Ibáñez N, Iniesta J, Edwards JK, Howe AGR, Armstrong RD, Taylor SH, Roldan A, Rong Y, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, He D, Marken F. Platinum Nanoparticle Inclusion into a Carbonized Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity: Electrochemical Characteristics of a Catalyst for Electroless Hydrogen Peroxide Production. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E542. [PMID: 30021972 PMCID: PMC6071093 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The one-step vacuum carbonization synthesis of a platinum nano-catalyst embedded in a microporous heterocarbon (Pt@cPIM) is demonstrated. A nitrogen-rich polymer of an intrinsic microporosity (PIM) precursor is impregnated with PtCl₆2- to give (after vacuum carbonization at 700 °C) a nitrogen-containing heterocarbon with embedded Pt nanoparticles of typically 1⁻4 nm diameter (with some particles up to 20 nm diameter). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of this hybrid material is 518 m² g-1 (with a cumulative pore volume of 1.1 cm³ g-1) consistent with the surface area of the corresponding platinum-free heterocarbon. In electrochemical experiments, the heterocarbon-embedded nano-platinum is observed as reactive towards hydrogen oxidation, but essentially non-reactive towards bigger molecules during methanol oxidation or during oxygen reduction. Therefore, oxygen reduction under electrochemical conditions is suggested to occur mainly via a 2-electron pathway on the outer carbon shell to give H₂O₂. Kinetic selectivity is confirmed in exploratory catalysis experiments in the presence of H₂ gas (which is oxidized on Pt) and O₂ gas (which is reduced on the heterocarbon surface) to result in the direct formation of H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Adamik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Naiara Hernández-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jesus Iniesta
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jennifer K Edwards
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Alexander G R Howe
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Robert D Armstrong
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Alberto Roldan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Yuanyang Rong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- East Chem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, College of Science, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Neil B McKeown
- East Chem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Madrid E, Lowe JP, Msayib KJ, McKeown NB, Song Q, Attard GA, Düren T, Marken F. Triphasic Nature of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Induces Storage and Catalysis Effects in Hydrogen and Oxygen Reactivity at Electrode Surfaces. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Kadhum J. Msayib
- EAstChem School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EAstChem School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Qilei Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Gary A. Attard
- Department of Physics, The Oliver Lodge Laboratory; University of Liverpool; Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZE UK
| | - Tina Düren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Advanced Separation Engineering; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
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Li C, Meckler SM, Smith ZP, Bachman JE, Maserati L, Long JR, Helms BA. Engineered Transport in Microporous Materials and Membranes for Clean Energy Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704953. [PMID: 29315857 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many forward-looking clean-energy technologies hinge on the development of scalable and efficient membrane-based separations. Ongoing investment in the basic research of microporous materials is beginning to pay dividends in membrane technology maturation. Specifically, improvements in membrane selectivity, permeability, and durability are being leveraged for more efficient carbon capture, desalination, and energy storage, and the market adoption of membranes in those areas appears to be on the horizon. Herein, an overview of the microporous materials chemistry driving advanced membrane development, the clean-energy separations employing them, and the theoretical underpinnings tying membrane performance to membrane structure across multiple length scales is provided. The interplay of pore architecture and chemistry for a given set of analytes emerges as a critical design consideration dictating mass transport outcomes. Opportunities and outstanding challenges in the field are also discussed, including high-flux 2D molecular-sieving membranes, phase-change adsorbents as performance-enhancing components in composite membranes, and the need for quantitative metrologies for understanding mass transport in heterophasic materials and in micropores with unusual chemical interactions with analytes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen M Meckler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zachary P Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan E Bachman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lorenzo Maserati
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brett A Helms
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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One-step preparation of microporous Pd@cPIM composite catalyst film for triphasic electrocatalysis. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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13
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Putra BR, Aaronson BD, Madrid E, Mathwig K, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Marken F. Ionic Diode Characteristics at a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM) | Nafion “Heterojunction” Deposit on a Microhole Poly(ethylene-terephthalate) Substrate. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Budi Riza Putra
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Bogor Agricultural University; Bogor, West Java Indonesia
| | | | - Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis; University of Groningen; P.O. Box 196 9700 AD Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mariolino Carta
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; West Mains Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; West Mains Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; West Mains Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
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Rong Y, He D, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Gromboni MF, Mascaro LH, Nelson GW, Foord JS, Holdway P, Dale SEC, Bending S, Marken F. High-Utilisation Nanoplatinum Catalyst (Pt@cPIM) Obtained via Vacuum Carbonisation in a Molecularly Rigid Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-016-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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He D, He DS, Yang J, Low ZX, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Marken F. Molecularly Rigid Microporous Polyamine Captures and Stabilizes Conducting Platinum Nanoparticle Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22425-30. [PMID: 27509837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly rigid polyamine based on a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-EA-TB) is shown to capture and stabilize platinum nanoparticles during colloid synthesis in the rigid framework. Stabilization here refers to avoiding aggregation without loss of surface reactivity. In the resulting rigid framework with embedded platinum nanoparticles, the volume ratio of platinum to PIM-EA-TB in starting materials is varied systematically from approximately 1.0 to 0.1 with the resulting platinum nanoparticle diameter varying from approximately 4.2 to 3.1 nm, respectively. Elemental analysis suggests that only a fraction of the polymer is "captured" to give nanocomposites rich in platinum. A transition occurs from electrically conducting and electrochemically active (with shorter average interparticle distance) to nonconducting and only partially electrochemically active (with longer average interparticle distance) polymer-platinum composites. The conducting nanoparticle network in the porous rigid macromolecular framework could be beneficial in electrocatalysis and in sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Sheng He
- Materials Characterization and Preparation Center, South University of Science and Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Mariolino Carta
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Neil B McKeown
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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Rong Y, Song Q, Mathwig K, Madrid E, He D, Niemann RG, Cameron PJ, Dale SE, Bending S, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Marken F. pH-induced reversal of ionic diode polarity in 300nm thin membranes based on a polymer of intrinsic microporosity. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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