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Permeation by Electrowetting Actuation: Revealing the Prospect of a Micro-valve Based on Ionic Liquid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:114-119. [PMID: 34626960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The electrowetting behavior of ionic liquid significantly promotes microfluidic technology due to the advantage of manipulation of ionic liquid without additional mechanical parts. Recently, a novel micro-valve that shows good prospects was proposed by MacArthur et al. based on the permeation of ionic liquid under electric field. Inspired by their work, the permeation process of ionic liquid (EMIM-Im) droplets actuated by electrowetting was investigated in this work using molecular dynamics simulation. The wettability of substrate, electric field strength and electric field polarity were varied to investigate their influences. On the substrate side, results showed that the hydrophilic substrates tend to stretch and adsorb the droplet and hence hinder the permeation process, whereas the hydrophobic substrates facilitate permeation due to their low attraction for liquid. Particularly, super hydrophilic substrates should be avoided in practice, because their strong adsorption effects will override the electric field effects and disable the permeation process. On the electric field side, results showed that increased electric field strength enhances the permeation, but varying electric field polarity will result in an asymmetric permeation behavior, which was found to be the result of the different evaporation rate of the ion species that ultimately caused a non-charge-neutral droplet. Our investigation then uncovered the two critical roles of the electric field: elongating the droplet and providing the driving force for the permeation.
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2
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Song F, Xue J, Ma B, Fan J, Wang Y, Jiang Y. Wetting and electro-wetting behaviors of [Bmim] [Bf4] ionic liquid droplet on lyophobic and lyophilic solid substrates. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Bhattacharjee S, Khan S. Molecular insights into the electrowetting behavior of aqueous ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1803-1813. [PMID: 34985472 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01821c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to investigate the wettability of aqueous hydrophilic and hydrophobic imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) nano-droplets on a graphite surface under a perpendicular electric field. Imminent transformation in the droplet configuration was observed at E = 0.08 V Å-1 both for hydrophobic ILs 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIM][NTF2] and SPC/E water droplets. However, for the hydrophilic IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [EMIM][BF4], the droplet was entirely elongated to column-shaped at E = 0.09 V Å-1 for lower weight percentages of ILs and at E = 0.15 V Å-1 for a higher weight percentage of ILs (i.e., 50 wt%). We explored the impact of the electric field through various parameters such as mass and charge density distribution across the droplet, contact angle of the droplet, orientation of water dipoles, and hydrogen bond analysis. The external electric field was found to influence the orientation of water dipoles and the accumulation of charge at various interfaces was observed with an increase in an electric field, which finally leads to shape deformation and depletion of ions from the liquid-vapor interface of the droplet. However, this behavior strongly depends on the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the ILs and thus, is critically examined for both the ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, 801103, India.
| | - Sandip Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, 801103, India.
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4
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Lei G, Chen D, Zhang X, Liu H. Improving water desalination via inhomogeneous distribution of [BMIM][BF4] in 2D carbon nanotube networks: Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Bhattacharjee S, Chakraborty D, Khan S. Wetting behavior of aqueous 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate {[Cn MIM][BF4] (n = 2, 4, 6)} on graphite surface. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Molecular insight into wetting behavior of deep eutectic solvent droplets on ionic substrates: A molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Wang YL, Li B, Sarman S, Mocci F, Lu ZY, Yuan J, Laaksonen A, Fayer MD. Microstructural and Dynamical Heterogeneities in Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5798-5877. [PMID: 32292036 PMCID: PMC7349628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a special category of molten salts solely composed of ions with varied molecular symmetry and charge delocalization. The versatility in combining varied cation-anion moieties and in functionalizing ions with different atoms and molecular groups contributes to their peculiar interactions ranging from weak isotropic associations to strong, specific, and anisotropic forces. A delicate interplay among intra- and intermolecular interactions facilitates the formation of heterogeneous microstructures and liquid morphologies, which further contributes to their striking dynamical properties. Microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities of ILs lead to their multifaceted properties described by an inherent designer feature, which makes ILs important candidates for novel solvents, electrolytes, and functional materials in academia and industrial applications. Due to a massive number of combinations of ion pairs with ion species having distinct molecular structures and IL mixtures containing varied molecular solvents, a comprehensive understanding of their hierarchical structural and dynamical quantities is of great significance for a rational selection of ILs with appropriate properties and thereafter advancing their macroscopic functionalities in applications. In this review, we comprehensively trace recent advances in understanding delicate interplay of strong and weak interactions that underpin their complex phase behaviors with a particular emphasis on understanding heterogeneous microstructures and dynamics of ILs in bulk liquids, in mixtures with cosolvents, and in interfacial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lei Wang
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bin Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Sten Sarman
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Centre of
Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Department
of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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Dhattarwal HS, Kashyap HK. Molecular dynamics investigation of wetting-dewetting behavior of model carbon material by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid nanodroplet. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:244705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5131851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harender S. Dhattarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemant K. Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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9
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Song F, Ma B, Fan J, Chen Q, Li BQ. Molecular Dynamics Simulation on the Electrowetting Behaviors of the Ionic Liquid [BMIM][BF 4] on a Solid Substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9753-9760. [PMID: 31287322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compared with traditional aqueous solutions, ionic liquids have important application prospects in the field of wetting and electrowetting due to the advantages of high electric conductivity, long liquid range, and low volatility. In this paper, molecular dynamics method was employed to investigate the wetting and electrowetting behaviors of the nanodroplet of ionic liquid on a solid substrate, as well as the distribution of ionic groups. The ionic liquid is 1-butyl-3-methyl tetra-fluoroborate and coarse grained to simplify the molecular simulation model. The results show that the anion and cation groups are distributed in layers above the wall, and the peaks are different corresponding to different ionic groups. Due to the attraction of the solid substrate and the electrostatic force between anions and cations, the contact angle tends to increase slightly with the increase of ionic liquid pairs. To investigate the electrowetting behaviors of ionic liquid droplet, several electric fields of different strengths and directions have been applied to the system, respectively. The results show that the static contact angles decrease obviously with the increase of electric field, and the ionic liquid droplet wets the solid surface asymmetrically under electric fields in positive and negative directions due to different diffusion abilities of cationic and anionic coarse particles. However, for a hydrophilic surface (ε = 2.0 kcal/mol), the ionic liquid droplet wets symmetrically under the electric field E = ±0.18 V/Å because of the strong interaction from the solid surface. Thus, the wetting and electrowetting behaviors are determined by the combine effect of electric field, interaction among cationic/anionic coarse particles, and solid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenhong Song
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Northeast Electric Power University , 169 Changchun Rd , Jilin , Jilin 132012 , China
| | - Bing Ma
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Northeast Electric Power University , 169 Changchun Rd , Jilin , Jilin 132012 , China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Northeast Electric Power University , 169 Changchun Rd , Jilin , Jilin 132012 , China
| | - Qicheng Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering , Northeast Electric Power University , 169 Changchun Rd , Jilin , Jilin 132012 , China
| | - Ben Q Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan-Dearborn , 4901 Evergreen Rd , Dearborn , Michigan 48128 , United States
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10
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Deichmann G, van der Vegt NFA. Conditional Reversible Work Coarse-Grained Models with Explicit Electrostatics—An Application to Butylmethylimidazolium Ionic Liquids. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:1187-1198. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Deichmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico F. A. van der Vegt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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11
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Liu C, Feng H. Molecular Dynamic Study of the Behavior of Confined [BMIM][PF6] Ionic Liquids: Pore Size Dependence. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418120087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Razmkhah M, Hamed Mosavian MT, Moosavi F. What is the effect of polar and nonpolar side chain group on bulk and electrical double layer properties of amino acid ionic liquids? Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Dong D, Vatamanu JP, Wei X, Bedrov D. The 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoro-methylsulfonyl)-imide ionic liquid nanodroplets on solid surfaces and in electric field: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193833. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5016309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dengpan Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jenel P. Vatamanu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Electrochemistry Branch, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Power Mill Rd., Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Shrivastav G, Remsing RC, Kashyap HK. Capillary evaporation of the ionic liquid [EMIM][BF4] in nanoscale solvophobic confinement. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193810. [PMID: 30307173 DOI: 10.1063/1.5010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Shrivastav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Richard C. Remsing
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Hemant K. Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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15
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Liu Z, Cui T, Li G, Endres F. Interfacial Nanostructure and Asymmetric Electrowetting of Ionic Liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9539-9547. [PMID: 28248522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the interfacial nanostructure and electrowetting of ionic liquids having the same 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation ([EMIm]+) but different anions such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI-), trifluoromethylsulfonate (TfO-), methylsulfonate (OMs-), acetate (OAc-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI-), dicyanamide (DCA-), and tris(pentafluorethyl)trifluorphosphat (FAP-) on bare metallic electrodes were investigated. In the investigated voltammetric potential regime, the contact angle versus voltage curve is asymmetric with respect to surface polarity. The electrowetting of the ILs occurs at negative potentials but does not occur at positive potentials. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that the IL adopts a multilayered structure at the solid/IL interface, and a cation-rich layer is present in the innermost layer during cathodic polarization. The cations can change their orientation and propagate ahead of the three-phase contact line by diffusion, leading to further spreading on the negatively charged surface. The formation of such a surface layer is also evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Such a surface diffusion mechanism does not occur during anodic polarization, where anions are enriched. In addition, the influence of substrate, water, and dissolved zinc salts on the electrowetting of ILs was studied. Our findings provide valuable insights for the interfacial nanostructure and the electrowetting of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology , Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Tong Cui
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology , Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - GuoZhu Li
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology , Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology , Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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16
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Kumar S, Sarma B, Dasmahapatra AK, Dalal A, Basu DN, Bandyopadhyay D. Field induced anomalous spreading, oscillation, ejection, spinning, and breaking of oil droplets on a strongly slipping water surface. Faraday Discuss 2017; 199:115-128. [PMID: 28422194 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Application of an electric field on an oil droplet floating on the surface of a deionized water bath showed interesting motions such as spreading, oscillation, and ejection. The electric field was generated by connecting a pointed platinum cathode at the top of the oil droplet and a copper anode coated with polymer at the bottom of the water layer. The experimental setup mimicked a conventional electrowetting setup with the exception that the oil was spread on a soft and deformable water isolator. While at relatively lower field intensities we observed spreading of the droplet, at intermediate field intensities the droplet oscillated around the platinum cathode, before ejecting out at a speed as high as ∼5 body lengths per second at even stronger field intensities. The experiments suggested that when the electric field was ramped up abruptly to a particular voltage, any of the spreading, oscillation, or ejection motions of the droplet could be engendered at lower, intermediate and higher field intensities, respectively. However, when the field was ramped up progressively by increasing by a definite amount of voltage per unit time, all three aforementioned motions could be generated simultaneously with the increase in the field intensity. Interestingly, when the aforementioned setup was placed on a magnet, the droplet showed a rotational motion under the influence of the Lorentz force, which was generated because of the coupling of the weak leakage current with the externally applied magnetic field. The spreading, oscillation, ejection, and rotation of the droplet were found to be functions of the oil-water interfacial tension, viscosity, and size of the oil droplet. We developed simple theoretical models to explain the experimental results obtained. Importantly, rotating at a higher speed broke the droplet into a number of smaller ones, owing to the combined influence of the spreading due to the centripetal force and the shear at the oil-water interface. While the oscillatory and rotational motions of the incompressible droplet could be employed as stirrers or impellers inside microfluidic devices for mixing applications, the droplet ejection could be employed for futuristic applications such as payload transport or drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Bhaskarjyoti Sarma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ahsok Kumar Dasmahapatra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. and Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Amaresh Dalal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Narayan Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. and Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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17
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Vatamanu J, Vatamanu M, Borodin O, Bedrov D. A comparative study of room temperature ionic liquids and their organic solvent mixtures near charged electrodes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:464002. [PMID: 27623976 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/46/464002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structural properties of electrolytes consisting of solutions of ionic liquids in a polar solvent at charged electrode surfaces are investigated using classical atomistic simulations. The studied electrolytes consisted of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (NEt4-BF4), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (c2mim-BF4) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (c8mim-BF4) salts dissolved in acetonitrile solvent. We discuss the influence of electrolyte concentration, chemical structure of the ionic salt, temperature, conducting versus semiconducting nature of the electrode, electrode geometry and surface roughness on the electric double layer structure and capacitance and compare these properties with those obtained for pure room temperature ionic liquids. We show that electrolytes consisting of solutions of ions can behave quite differently from pure ionic liquid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenel Vatamanu
- University of Utah, MSE Department, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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