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Ye X, Yang Y, Liao D, Tang K, Qiu H. Interfacial Effects of Nanostructured Doubly Reentrant Surfaces on the Evolution of Local Concentration and Fluid Flow in an Evaporating Droplet. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9785-9796. [PMID: 38680055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Surface modification, such as bioinspired nanostructured doubly reentrant surfaces that have presented superhydrophobic wettability even under low-surface-tension liquid, is a very promising technology for controlling droplet dynamics, heat transfer, and evaporation. In this article, we investigate the interfacial effects of nanostructured doubly reentrant surfaces on the flow behaviors and local concentration evolution during the evaporation of an ethanol/water multicomponent droplet. Using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and novel aggregate-induced emission-based (AIE) techniques, the flow patterns and local concentration distributions on both hydrophobic and nanostructured doubly reentrant surfaces were probed and compared. It is found that in addition to the established Marangoni flow-dominated stage, transition stage, and buoyancy-induced flow-dominated stage, a new transition stage and a rolling stage for the nanostructured doubly reentrant surface are detected in the late evaporation period. Differences in the local concentration distribution evolution occur depending on the hydrophobicity of the surface on which the droplet is placed. For the hydrophobic surface, a nonuniform local concentration distribution exists consistently, with a high water fraction in a shell-shaped region near the liquid-air interface and a secondary concentration gradient within this shell-shaped region. The concentration distribution on the nanostructured doubly reentrant surface evolves in a more complex manner, with a strip-shaped region of high water fraction forming in the intermediate stage and then reorganized by rolling flow in the late stage. Finally, theoretical analysis combining PIV and AIE visualization results reveals that the variations in droplet concentration distributions on surfaces with different hydrophobicities exert a significant impact on evaporative behaviors. These behaviors, in turn, affect the evolution of the local concentration distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511453, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinchuang Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dong Liao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Smart Manufacturing Thrust, Systems Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511453, Guangdong, China
| | - Huihe Qiu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511453, Guangdong, China
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Pal A, Gope A, Sengupta A. Drying of bio-colloidal sessile droplets: Advances, applications, and perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 314:102870. [PMID: 37002959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Drying of biologically-relevant sessile droplets, including passive systems such as DNA, proteins, plasma, and blood, as well as active microbial systems comprising bacterial and algal dispersions, has garnered considerable attention over the last decades. Distinct morphological patterns emerge when bio-colloids undergo evaporative drying, with significant potential in a wide range of biomedical applications, spanning bio-sensing, medical diagnostics, drug delivery, and antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, the prospects of novel and thrifty bio-medical toolkits based on drying bio-colloids have driven tremendous progress in the science of morphological patterns and advanced quantitative image-based analysis. This review presents a comprehensive overview of bio-colloidal droplets drying on solid substrates, focusing on the experimental progress during the last ten years. We provide a summary of the physical and material properties of relevant bio-colloids and link their native composition (constituent particles, solvent, and concentrations) to the patterns emerging due to drying. We specifically examined the drying patterns generated by passive bio-colloids (e.g., DNA, globular, fibrous, composite proteins, plasma, serum, blood, urine, tears, and saliva). This article highlights how the emerging morphological patterns are influenced by the nature of the biological entities and the solvent, micro- and global environmental conditions (temperature and relative humidity), and substrate attributes like wettability. Crucially, correlations between emergent patterns and the initial droplet compositions enable the detection of potential clinical abnormalities when compared with the patterns of drying droplets of healthy control samples, offering a blueprint for the diagnosis of the type and stage of a specific disease (or disorder). Recent experimental investigations of pattern formation in the bio-mimetic and salivary drying droplets in the context of COVID-19 are also presented. We further summarized the role of biologically active agents in the drying process, including bacteria, algae, spermatozoa, and nematodes, and discussed the coupling between self-propulsion and hydrodynamics during the drying process. We wrap up the review by highlighting the role of cross-scale in situ experimental techniques for quantifying sub-micron to micro-scale features and the critical role of cross-disciplinary approaches (e.g., experimental and image processing techniques with machine learning algorithms) to quantify and predict the drying-induced features. We conclude the review with a perspective on the next generation of research and applications based on drying droplets, ultimately enabling innovative solutions and quantitative tools to investigate this exciting interface of physics, biology, data sciences, and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Pal
- University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry CV47AL, West Midlands, UK; Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Physics, Worcester 01609, MA, USA.
| | - Amalesh Gope
- Tezpur University, Department of Linguistics and Language Technology, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Sengupta
- University of Luxembourg, Physics of Living Matter, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Luxembourg L-1511, Luxembourg
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Li W, Chen R, Zhu X, Liao Q, Ye D, Yang Y, Li D. Photothermally Caused Propylene Glycol–Water Binary Droplet Evaporation on a Hydrophobic Surface. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dingding Ye
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Coupled effect of concentration, particle size and substrate morphology on the formation of coffee rings. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Foroutan M, Fatemi SM, Esmaeilian F, Naeini VF. Evaporation of Water on Suspended Graphene: Suppressing the Effect of Physically Heterogeneous Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14085-14095. [PMID: 30362759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation of water nanodroplets on a hydrophilically adjusted graphene sheet was studied based on a molecular dynamics approach. Suspended graphene was used as a physically heterogeneous surface, and fixed graphene was considered as an ideally flat surface. State of the triple-phase contact line (TPCL) and shape evolution were addressed at four different temperatures on both substrates. Additionally, contact angle (CA) was studied during 3 and 22.5 ns simulations in both closed and opened conditions. The observed constant contact angle regime was predictable for the fixed graphene. However, it was not expected for the suspended system and was attributed to the oscillations of the substrate atoms. The size of the nanodroplet also affects the constant-contact-angle mode in both systems, when the number of water molecules decreases to less than 500. The oscillations created a surface on which physical heterogeneities were varying through time. Examination of the evaporation and condensation processes revealed higher rates for the fixed systems. Local mass fluxes were calculated to reveal the contribution of TPCL and meridian surface (MS) of the nanodroplet to evaporation and condensation. The obtained results indicate similar values for the mass flux ratio at the TPCL, which remains twice as large as the MS for both suspended and fixed graphene. The results confirm the assumption that a surface with varying heterogeneities can overwhelm the droplet and act as an ideally flat surface.
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Lohani D, Sarkar S. Nanoscale Topographical Fluctuations: A Key Factor for Evaporative Colloidal Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:12751-12758. [PMID: 30299962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the role of surface parameters such as the nanoscale roughness, topography, and skewness of smooth and rough Si surfaces in the shape of patterns left by evaporating colloidal droplets of spherical polystyrene particles. The droplet contact angle, colloidal deposition pattern, crack density, and rim growth velocities are experimentally evaluated for varying roughness. The contact angle and rim growth rate are found to be more for rough surfaces in comparison to smooth ones. Roughness also helps in reducing stress in the drying droplets, thereby impeding the process of crack formation as exemplified by the experimental results. The altered Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interactions emerging from the contribution of nanoscale roughness are theoretically evaluated for each differently rough substrate-particle combination. The forces have been calculated by considering large- and small-scale roughness parameters of the experimental surfaces. The experimental findings have been duly corroborated by theoretical estimates. Finally, it is observed that the skewness of the surface and the small-scale asperity radius bear a correlation with the DLVO forces and subsequently with the ring deposit pattern. The present understanding of the influence of surface fluctuations on evaporative self-assembly would enable one to choose the right topographic surface for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Lohani
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Ropar , Nangal Road , Rupnagar , Punjab 140001 , India
| | - Subhendu Sarkar
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Ropar , Nangal Road , Rupnagar , Punjab 140001 , India
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Reversing Coffee-Ring Effect by Laser-Induced Differential Evaporation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3157. [PMID: 29453347 PMCID: PMC5816656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The coffee-ring effect, ubiquitously present in the drying process of aqueous droplets, impedes the performance of a myriad of applications involving precipitation of particle suspensions in evaporating liquids on solid surfaces, such as liquid biopsy combinational analysis, microarray fabrication, and ink-jet printing, to name a few. We invented the methodology of laser-induced differential evaporation to remove the coffee-ring effect. Without any additives to the liquid or any morphology modifications of the solid surface the liquid rests on, we have eliminated the coffee-ring effect by engineering the liquid evaporation profile with a CO2 laser irradiating the apex of the droplets. The method of laser-induced differential evaporation transitions particle deposition patterns from coffee-ring patterns to central-peak patterns, bringing all particles (e.g. fluorescent double strand DNAs) in the droplet to a designated area of 100 μm diameter without leaving any stains outside. The technique also moves the drying process from the constant contact radius (CCR) mode to the constant contact angle (CCA) mode. Physical mechanisms of this method were experimentally studied by internal flow tracking and surface evaporation flux mapping, and theoretically investigated by development of an analytical model.
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Askounis A, Kita Y, Kohno M, Takata Y, Koutsos V, Sefiane K. Influence of Local Heating on Marangoni Flows and Evaporation Kinetics of Pure Water Drops. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5666-5674. [PMID: 28510453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of localized heating on the evaporation of pure sessile water drops was probed experimentally by a combination of infrared thermography and optical imaging. In particular, we studied the effect of three different heating powers and two different locations, directly below the center and edge of the drop. In all cases, four distinct stages were identified according to the emerging thermal patterns. In particular, depending on heating location, recirculating vortices emerge that either remain pinned or move azimuthally within the drop. Eventually, these vortices oscillate in different modes depending on heating location. Infrared data allowed extraction of temperature distribution on each drop surface. In turn, the flow velocity in each case was calculated and was found to be higher for edge heating, due to the one-directional nature of the heating. Additionally, calculation of the dimensionless Marangoni and Rayleigh numbers yielded the prevalence of Marangoni convection. Heating the water drops also affected the evaporation kinetics by promoting the "stick-slip" regime. Moreover, both the total number of depinning events and the pinning strength were found to be highly dependent on heating location. Lastly, we report a higher than predicted relationship between evaporation rate and heating temperature, due to the added influence of the recirculating flows on temperature distribution and hence evaporation flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Askounis
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yutaku Kita
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masamichi Kohno
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Takata
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Vasileios Koutsos
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Khellil Sefiane
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh , King's Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
- Tianjin Key Lab of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce , Tianjin City 300134, P.R. China
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Li W, Lan D, Wang Y. Dewetting-mediated pattern formation inside the coffee ring. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:042607. [PMID: 28505731 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.042607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The rearrangement of particles in the final stage of droplet evaporation has been investigated by utilizing differential interference contrast microscopy and the formation mechanism of a network pattern inside a coffee ring has been revealed. A tailored substrate with a circular hydrophilic domain is prepared to obtain thin liquid film containing monolayer particles. Real-time bottom-view images show that the evolution of a dry patch could be divided into three stages: rupture initiation, dry patch expansion, and drying of the residual liquid. A growing number of dry patches will repeat these stages to form the network patterns inside the ringlike stain. It can be shown that the suction effect promotes the rupture of the liquid film and the formation of the dry patch. The particle-assembling process is totally controlled by the liquid film dewetting and dominated by the surface tension of the liquid film, which eventually determine the ultimate deposition patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Li
- National Microgravity Laboratory, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Ding Lan
- National Microgravity Laboratory, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yuren Wang
- National Microgravity Laboratory, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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Feng H, Chong KSL, Ong KS, Duan F. Octagon to Square Wetting Area Transition of Water-Ethanol Droplets on a Micropyramid Substrate by Increasing Ethanol Concentration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1147-1154. [PMID: 28094970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The wettability and evaporation of water-ethanol binary droplets on the substrate with micropyramid cavities are studied by controlling the initial ethanol concentrations. The droplets form octagonal initial wetting areas on the substrate. As the ethanol concentration increases, the side ratio of the initial wetting octagon increases from 1.5 at 0% ethanol concentration to 3.5 at 30% ethanol concentration. The increasing side ratio indicates that the wetting area transforms from an octagon to a square if we consider the octagon to be a square with its four corners cut. The droplets experience a pinning-depinning transition during evaporation. The pure water sessile droplet evaporation demonstrates three stages from the constant contact line (CCL) stage, and then the constant contact angle (CCA) stage, to the mixed stage. An additional mixed stage is found between the CCL and CCA stages in the evaporation of water-ethanol binary droplets due to the anisotropic depinning along the two different axes of symmetry of the octagonal wetting area. Droplet depinning occurs earlier on the patterned surface as the ethanol concentration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Feng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Karen Siew-Ling Chong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , A*Star, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Level 9, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Kian-Soo Ong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , A*Star, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Level 9, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Fei Duan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Patil ND, Bange PG, Bhardwaj R, Sharma A. Effects of Substrate Heating and Wettability on Evaporation Dynamics and Deposition Patterns for a Sessile Water Droplet Containing Colloidal Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11958-11972. [PMID: 27759960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Effects of substrate temperature, substrate wettability, and particle concentration are experimentally investigated for evaporation of a sessile water droplet containing colloidal particles. Time-varying droplet shapes and temperature of the liquid-gas interface are measured using high-speed visualization and infrared thermography, respectively. The motion of the particles inside the evaporating droplet is qualitatively visualized by an optical microscope and the profile of the final particle deposit is measured by an optical profilometer. On a nonheated hydrophilic substrate, a ring-like deposit forms after the evaporation, as reported extensively in the literature, while on a heated hydrophilic substrate, a thinner ring with an inner deposit is reported in the present work. The latter is attributed to Marangoni convection, and recorded motion of the particles as well as measured temperature gradient across the liquid-gas interface confirms this hypothesis. The thinning of the ring scales with the substrate temperature and is reasoned to stronger Marangoni convection at larger substrate temperature. In the case of a nonheated hydrophobic substrate, an inner deposit forms due to very early depinning of the contact line. On the other hand, in the case of a heated hydrophobic substrate, the substrate heating as well as larger particle concentration helps in the pinning of the contact line, which results in a thin ring with an inner deposit. We propose a regime map for predicting three types of deposits-namely, ring, thin ring with inner deposit, and inner deposit-for varying substrate temperature, substrate wettability, and particle concentration. A first-order model corroborates the liquid-gas interface temperature measurements and variation in the measured ring profile with the substrate temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh D Patil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Prathamesh G Bange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Rajneesh Bhardwaj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai, 400076, India
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