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Ibrahim OA, Navarro-Segarra M, Sadeghi P, Sabaté N, Esquivel JP, Kjeang E. Microfluidics for Electrochemical Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7236-7266. [PMID: 34995463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical energy conversion is an important supplement for storage and on-demand use of renewable energy. In this regard, microfluidics offers prospects to raise the efficiency and rate of electrochemical energy conversion through enhanced mass transport, flexible cell design, and ability to eliminate the physical ion-exchange membrane, an essential yet costly element in conventional electrochemical cells. Since the 2002 invention of the microfluidic fuel cell, the research field of microfluidics for electrochemical energy conversion has expanded into a great variety of cell designs, fabrication techniques, and device functions with a wide range of utility and applications. The present review aims to comprehensively synthesize the best practices in this field over the past 20 years. The underlying fundamentals and research methods are first summarized, followed by a complete assessment of all research contributions wherein microfluidics was proactively utilized to facilitate energy conversion in conjunction with electrochemical cells, such as fuel cells, flow batteries, electrolysis cells, hybrid cells, and photoelectrochemical cells. Moreover, emerging technologies and analytical tools enabled by microfluidics are also discussed. Lastly, opportunities for future research directions and technology advances are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Ibrahim
- Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, V3T 0A3 Surrey, British Columbia Canada.,Fuelium S.L., Edifici Eureka, Av. Can Domènech S/N, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Marina Navarro-Segarra
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Til·lers sn, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Pardis Sadeghi
- Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, V3T 0A3 Surrey, British Columbia Canada
| | - Neus Sabaté
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Til·lers sn, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Esquivel
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/dels Til·lers sn, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain.,BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Erik Kjeang
- Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, V3T 0A3 Surrey, British Columbia Canada
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Sun L, K Siddique M, Wang L, Li S. Mixing characteristics of a bubble mixing microfluidic chip for genomic DNA extraction based on magnetophoresis: CFD simulation and experiment. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2365-2374. [PMID: 33905543 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mixing a small amount of magnetic beads and regents with large volume samples evenly in microcavities of a microfluidic chip is always the key step for the application of microfluidic technology in the field of magnetophoresis analysis. This article proposes a microfluidic chip for DNA extraction by magnetophoresis, which relies on bubble rising to generate turbulence and microvortices of various sizes to mix magnetic beads with samples uniformly. The construction and working principle of the microfluidic chip are introduced. CFD simulations are conducted when magnetic beads and samples are irritated by the generation of gas bubbles with the variation of supply pressures. The whole mixing process in the microfluidic chip is observed through a high-speed camera and a microfluidic system when the gas bubbles are generated continuously. The influence of supply pressure on the mixing characteristics of the microfluidic chip is investigated and discussed with both simulation and experiments. Compared with magnetic mixing, bubble mixing can avoid the magnetic beads gather phenomenon caused by magnetic forces and provide a rapid and high efficient solution to realize mixing small amount of regents in large volume samples in a certain order without complex moving structures and operations in a chip. Two applications of mixing with the proposed microfluidic chip are also carried out and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Fluid Control and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad K Siddique
- Department of Fluid Control and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Songjing Li
- Department of Fluid Control and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
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Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms: An efficient modelling and optimization methodology for active chlorine production using the electrolysis process. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Yuan Z, Yang H, Xu P, Li C, Jian J, Zeng J, Zeng L, Sui Y, Zhou H. Facile in situ synthesis of silver nanocomposites based on cellulosic paper for photocatalytic applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6411-6421. [PMID: 32990914 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, various photocatalysts were synthesized with an impregnation-precipitation process to in situ decorate Ag-based nanoparticles (NPs, including Ag3PO4, AgCl, Ag2O, and Ag2CO3) on the cellulosic paper. The structure and properties of the Ag-based composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmitting electron microscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and photocatalysis testing. The results showed that cellulosic paper is an efficient carrier which is feasible to grasp NPs due to the cellulosic nanofiber-network microstructure. Among the obtained samples, Ag2CO3 and AgCl NPs on cellulosic paper displayed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange under ultraviolet and visible light. However, photo lability of Ag2CO3 limits its recyclable. AgCl showed a better reutilization with the assistance of a surface plasmon resonance effect by Ag NPs that were grown in situ on the AgCl NPs, which formed Ag@AgCl nanocomposite structure. The photocatalytic activity of the AgCl/cellulosic paper decreased only slightly after three runs of photodegradation of methyl orange. The possible mechanism for photocatalysis was proposed. This work may provide a new method for the design of silver-based NPs/cellulosic paper nanocomposite photoreactors with favorable photocatalytic activities for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Pan Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Jian Jian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Jianxian Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Lingwei Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Yuguang Sui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
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Elmas S, Skipper K, Salehifar N, Jamieson T, Andersson GG, Nydén M, Leterme SC, Andersson MR. Cyclic Copper Uptake and Release from Natural Seawater-A Fully Sustainable Antifouling Technique to Prevent Marine Growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:757-766. [PMID: 33337864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unwanted growth of fouling organisms on underwater surfaces is an omnipresent challenge for the marine industry, costing billions of dollars every year in the transportation sector alone. Copper, the most widely used biocide in antifouling paints, is at the brink of a total ban in being used in antifouling coatings, as it has become an existential threat to nontargeted species due to anthropogenic copper inputs into protected waters. In the current study, using a porous and cross-linked poly(ethylene imine) structure under marine and fouling environments, available copper from natural seawater was absorbed and electrochemically released back as a potent biocide at 1.3 V vs Ag|AgCl, reducing marine growth by 94% compared to the control electrode (coupon) at 0 V. The coating can also function as an electrochemical copper sensor enabling real-time monitoring of the electrochemical uptake and release of copper ions from natural seawater. This allows tailoring of the electrochemical program to the changing marine environments, i.e., when the vessels move from high-copper-contaminated waters to coastal regions with low concentrations of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Elmas
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Karuna Skipper
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Nahideh Salehifar
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- MEMS&NEMS Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tamar Jamieson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Magnus Nydén
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, 7 Wally's Walk, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sophie C Leterme
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Prakash B, Singh A, Katoch V, Sharma M, Panda JJ, Sharma J, Ganguli AK. Flow synthesis and in-channel photocatalysis of antimicrobially active ZnS quantum dots using an efficient planar PMMA microreactor. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abcadf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Elmas S, Pospisilova A, Sekulska AA, Vasilev V, Nann T, Thornton S, Priest C. Photometric Sensing of Active Chlorine, Total Chlorine, and pH on a Microfluidic Chip for Online Swimming Pool Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113099. [PMID: 32486236 PMCID: PMC7308966 DOI: 10.3390/s20113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic sensor was studied for the photometric detection of active chlorine, total chlorine, and pH in swimming pool samples. The sensor consisted of a four-layer borosilicate glass chip, containing a microchannel network and a 2.2 mm path length, 1.7 mL optical cell. The chip was optimised to measure the bleaching of methyl orange and spectral changes in phenol red for quantitative chlorine (active and total) and pH measurements that were suited to swimming pool monitoring. Reagent consumption (60 mL per measurement) was minimised to allow for maintenance-free operation over a nominal summer season (3 months) with minimal waste. The chip was tested using samples from 12 domestic, public, and commercial swimming pools (indoor and outdoor), with results that compare favourably with commercial products (test strips and the N,N'-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) method), precision pH electrodes, and iodometric titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Elmas
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (S.E.); (A.P.); (A.A.S.); (V.V.); (T.N.)
- Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Aneta Pospisilova
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (S.E.); (A.P.); (A.A.S.); (V.V.); (T.N.)
| | - Aneta Anna Sekulska
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (S.E.); (A.P.); (A.A.S.); (V.V.); (T.N.)
| | - Vasil Vasilev
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (S.E.); (A.P.); (A.A.S.); (V.V.); (T.N.)
| | - Thomas Nann
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (S.E.); (A.P.); (A.A.S.); (V.V.); (T.N.)
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Stephen Thornton
- Tekelek Australia Pty Ltd., 95A Bedford St, Gillman, SA 5013, Australia;
| | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (S.E.); (A.P.); (A.A.S.); (V.V.); (T.N.)
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Wang J, Han LL, Sun YM, Su TY. Alignment System and Application for a Micro/Nanofluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9120621. [PMID: 30477232 PMCID: PMC6316881 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a direct pre-bonding technology after alignment of the chip is presented to avoid the post-misalignment problem caused by the transferring process from an alignment platform to a heating oven. An alignment system with a high integration level including a microscope device, a vacuum device, and an alignment device is investigated. To align the chip, a method of 'fixing a chip with microchannels and moving a chip with nanochannels' is adopted based on the alignment system. With the alignment system and the assembly method, the micro/nanofluidic chip was manufactured with little time and low cost. Furthermore, to verify the performance of the chip and then confirm the practicability of the device, an ion enrichment experiment is carried out. The results demonstrate that the concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) reaches an enrichment value of around 5 μM and the highest enrichment factor is about 500-fold. Compared with other devices, an alignment system presented in this paper has the advantages of direct pre-bonding and high integration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China.
| | - Lu-Lu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China.
| | - Ye-Ming Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China.
| | - Tian-Yi Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China.
- School of Mechanic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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Larsson M, Yousefi A, Elmas S, Lindén JB, Nann T, Nydén M. Electroactive Polyhydroquinone Coatings for Marine Fouling Prevention-A Rejected Dynamic pH Hypothesis and a Deceiving Artifact in Electrochemical Antifouling Testing. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4751-4759. [PMID: 31457758 PMCID: PMC6641732 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-thin coatings of polyhydroquinone (PHQ), which release and absorb protons upon oxidation and reduction, respectively, were tested for electrochemically induced anti-biofouling activity under the hypothesis that a dynamic pH environment would discourage fouling. Antifouling tests in artificial seawater using the marine, biofilm-forming bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus proved the coatings to be ineffective in fouling prevention but revealed a deceiving artifact from the reactive species generated at the counter electrode (CE), even for electrochemical bias potentials as low as |400| mV versus Ag|AgCl. These findings provide valuable information on the preparation of nanothin PHQ coatings and their electrochemical behavior in artificial seawater. The results further demonstrate that it is critical to isolate the CE in electrochemical anti-biofouling testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Larsson
- University
College London, UCL—Australia, 220 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South
Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Ali Yousefi
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South
Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat
Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sait Elmas
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South
Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Johan B. Lindén
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South
Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Thomas Nann
- The
MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Magnus Nydén
- University
College London, UCL—Australia, 220 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South
Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Elmas S, Beelders W, Nash J, Macdonald TJ, Jasieniak M, Griesser HJ, Nann T. Photo-doping of plasma-deposited polyaniline (PAni). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12886f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although polyaniline (PAni) has been studied extensively in the past, little work has been done on producing films of this material via plasma deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Elmas
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Wesley Beelders
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Joseph Nash
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | | | - Marek Jasieniak
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Hans J. Griesser
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Thomas Nann
- Future Industries Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- Australia
- MacDiarmid Institute
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