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Moshrefi R, Ryan K, Connors EP, Walsh JC, Merschrod E, Bodwell GJ, Stockmann TJ. Electrosynthesis of Au nanocluster embedded conductive polymer films at soft interfaces using dithiafulvenyl-functionalized pyrene. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5834-5842. [PMID: 36861258 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06519c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) embedded conductive polymer films are desirable platforms for electrocatalysis as well as biomedical and analytical applications. Increased catalytic and analytical performance is accompanied by concomitant decreases in NP size. Herein, highly reproducible electrogeneration of low dispersity Au nanocluster embedded ultra-thin (∼2 nm) conductive polymer films at a micro liquid|liquid interface is demonstrated. Confinement at a micropipette tip facilitates a heterogeneous electron transfer process across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES), between KAuCl4(aq) and a dithiafulvenyl-substituted pyrene monomer, 4,5-didecoxy-1,8-bis(dithiafulven-6-yl)pyrene (bis(DTF)pyrene), in oil, i.e., a w|o interface. At a large ITIES the reaction is spontaneous, rapid, and proceeds via transfer of AuCl4- to the oil phase, followed by homogeneous electron transfer generating uncontrolled polymer growth with larger (∼50 nm) Au nanoparticles (NPs). Thus, miniaturization facilitates external, potential control and limits the reaction pathway. Atomic (AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopies (KPFM) imaged the topography and work function distribution of the as-prepared films. The latter was linked to nanocluster distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moshrefi
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Katelyn Ryan
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Evan P Connors
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Joshua C Walsh
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Erika Merschrod
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Graham J Bodwell
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
| | - Talia Jane Stockmann
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Ave, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7.
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Simultaneous electro-generation/polymerization of Cu nanocluster embedded conductive poly(2,2':5',2''-terthiophene) films at micro and macro liquid/liquid interfaces. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1201. [PMID: 36681717 PMCID: PMC9867727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cu nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to be excellent electrocatalysts, particularly for CO2 reduction - a critical reaction for sequestering anthropogenic, atmospheric carbon. Herein, the micro interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is exploited for the simultaneous electropolymerization of 2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (TT) and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu nanoparticles (NPs) generating a flexible electrocatalytic composite electrode material. TT acts as an electron donor in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) through heterogeneous electron transfer across the water|DCE (w|DCE) interface to CuSO4 dissolved in water. The nanocomposite formation process was probed using cyclic voltammetry as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CV and EIS data show that the film forms quickly; however, the interfacial reaction is not spontaneous and does not proceed without an applied potential. At high [TT] the heterogeneous electron transfer wave was recorded voltammetrically but not at low [TT]. However, probing the edge of the polarizable potential window was found to be sufficient to initiate electrogeneration/electropolymerization. SEM and TEM were used to image and analyze the final Cu NP/poly-TT composites and it was discovered that there is a concomitant decrease in NP size with increasing [TT]. Preliminary electrocatalysis results at a nanocomposite modified large glassy carbon electrode saw a > 2 × increase in CO2 reduction currents versus an unmodified electrode. These data suggest that this strategy is a promising means of generating electrocatalytic materials for carbon capture. However, films electrosynthesized at a micro and ~ 1 mm ITIES demonstrated poor reusability.
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Moshrefi R, Stockmann TJ. Electrodeless Synthesis of Low Dispersity Au Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters at an Immiscible Micro Water/Ionic Liquid Interface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2748. [PMID: 36014613 PMCID: PMC9416156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their biocompatibility, optical, and catalytic properties, Au nanoparticles (NPs) have been the subject of much research. Since smaller NPs have enhanced catalytic properties and NP morphology greatly impacts their effectiveness, controlled and reproducible methods of generating Au NPs are still being sought. Herein, Au NPs were electrochemically generated at a water|ionic liquid (w|IL) immiscible micro-interface, 25 µm in diameter, using a redox active IL and compared to results at a water|oil (w|o) one. The liquid|liquid interface is advantageous as it is pristine and highly reproducible, as well as an excellent means of species and charge separation. In this system, KAuCl4 dissolved in the aqueous phase reacts under external potential control at the water|P8888TB (tetraoctylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) with trioctyl(ferrocenylhexanoyl)phosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (FcIL), an electron donor and redox active IL. FcIL was prepared with a common anion to P8888TB, which greatly enhances its solubility in the bulk IL. Simple ion transfer of AuCl4− and AuCl(4−γ)(OH)γ− at the w|P8888TB micro-interface were characterized voltammetrically as well as their heterogeneous electron transfer reaction with FcIL. This interfacial reaction generates Au NPs whose size can be thermodynamically controlled by modifying the pH of the aqueous phase. Critically, at low pH, nanoclusters, <1.7 nm in diameter, were generated owing to inhibited thermodynamics in combination with the supramolecular fluidic nature of the IL microenvironment that was observed surrounding the as-prepared NPs.
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Ma Y, Liu C, Wang L. Defined Ion-Transfer Voltammetry of a Single Microdroplet at a Polarized Liquid/Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1850-1858. [PMID: 35023726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the fast analysis of ion transfer/facilitated ion transfer toward a tiny (femtoliter) water-in-oil droplet has been established. This scenario is embodied by the fusion of a w/o microdroplet at the micro liquid/liquid (L/L) interface, with the use of Fourier transform fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FT-FSCV) to express the apparent half-wave potentials of anions or cations encapsulated inside the w/o microdroplet. First, the half-wave potential is in strict accordance with the transfer Gibbs free energy of either cations or anions. Second, the half-wave potential has been found to be positively proportional to the logarithmic concentration of ions, shedding thermodynamic insight into ion transfer. Third, as an instance of multivalent biopolymers, the transfer of protamine inside the single w/o microdroplet has been investigated. Obvious discrepancies in the behaviors of the fusion impacts at different pH, as well as in the absence and presence of the cationic surfactant DNNS-, are revealed. The internal mechanism of protamine transfer has been thoroughly investigated. This work proposes a strategy to sensitively and quickly determine the transfer Gibbs energy and the concentration of ions encapsulated in a single microdroplet, and it provides the possibility of analyzing the interfacial transfer properties of trace biomacromolecules inside an aqueous micro- or nanoscale droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Jiang Q, Reader HE, Stockmann TJ. Electrochemical Characterization of Fe(II) Complexation Reactions at an Electrified Micro Liquid‐Liquid Interface. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Heather E. Reader
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
| | - Talia Jane Stockmann
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland 283 Prince Philip Dr. St. John's NL, A1B 3X7
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Fang Y, Deng H, Huang X, Wang L. Ion Selective Detection Based on the Nuances of the Kinetic Fingerprint for Ion Transfer at Soft Interfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3353-3361. [PMID: 33550802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach has been developed for the selective determination of cations or anions based on the application of Fourier transformed staircase sinusoidal voltammetry (FT-SC-SV) in combination with the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in the four-electrode configuration. The electrochemistry at the ITIES provides a very simple yet sensitive platform for the detection of a broad spectrum of redox inactive ions and even the neutral (bio)molecules that can be charged (e.g., protonated in appropriate pH). FT-SC-SV employs a complex potential excitation, i.e., a large-amplitude sine wave superimposed onto a dc bias potential that is stepped/scanned throughout the potential window. The response current is subsequently analyzed in the frequency domain by FT. Although the ions have close standard/formal transfer potential, discrimination and selective detection can be achieved by the higher harmonics. Feasibility and reliability of the proposed approach were verified with two pairs of ions that have very close transfer potentials across the ITIES and were chosen as the model systems. Besides, the additivity of the ionic current magnitude on concentration measured either in the mixture of ionic analytes or in individually prepared solutions containing the separate ionic analyte was tested. The experimental results prove that the principle of additivity holds. Compared with the traditional voltammetry, FT-SC-SV is simpler and more efficient in discrimination and quantification of apparently indistinguishable ion transfer from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. This demonstration may provide a new way for analytical detection of a broad range of redox inactive ions in terms of both fundamentals and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Haiqiang Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xinjian Huang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, Midea Corporate Research Center, Foshan 528311, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Liu C, Ma Y, Nan J, Wang L. Ion Transfer-Resolved Fusion Impacts of Single Droplets Probed at the Liquid/Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15394-15402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ya Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Junmin Nan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Stockmann TJ, Lemineur JF, Liu H, Cometto C, Robert M, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Single LiBH4 nanocrystal stochastic impacts at a micro water|ionic liquid interface. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Izadyar A. Stripping Voltammetry at the Interface between two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions: A Review Paper. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry and Physics; Arkansas State University, PO Box 419; State University; AR 72467 USA
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Scanlon MD, Smirnov E, Stockmann TJ, Peljo P. Gold Nanofilms at Liquid–Liquid Interfaces: An Emerging Platform for Redox Electrocatalysis, Nanoplasmonic Sensors, and Electrovariable Optics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3722-3751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micheál D. Scanlon
- The Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - T. Jane Stockmann
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot University, 15 Rue J.A. Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (LEPA), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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Preparation and crystal structure of tetraoctylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate ionic liquid for electrochemistry at its interface with water. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Stockmann TJ, Angelé L, Brasiliense V, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Platinum Nanoparticle Impacts at a Liquid|Liquid Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Jane Stockmann
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Léo Angelé
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
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Stockmann TJ, Angelé L, Brasiliense V, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Platinum Nanoparticle Impacts at a Liquid|Liquid Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13493-13497. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Jane Stockmann
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Léo Angelé
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Diderot University, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
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Liu C, Peljo P, Huang X, Cheng W, Wang L, Deng H. Single Organic Droplet Collision Voltammogram via Electron Transfer Coupled Ion Transfer. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9284-9291. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de
I’Industrie, 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Xinjian Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Wenxue Cheng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Haiqiang Deng
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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