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Liu T, Yuan X, Luo K, Xie C, Zhou L. Molecular engineering of a new method for effective removal of cadmium from water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121326. [PMID: 38377928 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread and highly toxic environmental pollutant, seriously threatening animal and plant growth. Therefore, monitoring and employing robust tools to enrich and remove Cd from the environment is a major challenge. In this work, by conjugating a fluorescent indicator (CCP) with a functionalized glass slide, a special composite material (CCPB) was constructed to enrich, remove, and monitor Cd2+ in water rapidly. Then Cd2+ could be effectively eluted by immersing the Cd-enriched CCPB in an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution. With this, the CCPB was continuously reused. Its recovery of Cd2+was above and below 100 % after multiple uses by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), which was excellent for practical use in enriching and removing Cd2+ in real aqueous samples. Therefore, CCPB is an ideal material for monitoring, enriching, and removing Cd2+ in wastewater, providing a robust tool for future practical applications of Cd enrichment and removal in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Kun Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Can Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Liyi Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
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2
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Zhao X, Wang M, Wang Y, Li J, He D, Zou Y, Zhang Y. Assembly of bimetallic (Au-Ag)FON composite films at liquid/solid interfaces and their tunable optical properties. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8480-8490. [PMID: 35603965 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regular structure provided by two-dimensional (2D) structural colloidal crystals is widely accepted to provide an ideal template that ensures that plasmonic bimetallic composite nanostructures are uniform. Herein, we report an effective method for fabricating bimetallic Au-Ag composite films loaded on the surfaces of 2D polystyrene@polyacrylic acid (PS@PAA) colloidal crystals. PS@PAA particles coated with uniform Ag particle layers (AgFON) were produced by a simple and effective sputtering-deposition technique, after which the galvanic replacement (GR) reaction was used to produce a bimetallic (Au-Ag)FON composite film at the liquid/solid interface in aqueous HAuCl4. The morphology and relative contents of the bimetallic (Au-Ag)FON composite film can be regulated by changing the kinetic factors that control the GR reaction, including the concentration and pH of the HAuCl4 solution, and the reaction time. We demonstrated that the fabricated bimetallic (Au-Ag)FON composite has localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties that can be regulated by varying the composite structure and Ag/Au composition. On the one hand, the regular 2D colloidal crystal structure provides an ideal template for preparing Au-Ag composite films, which ensures that the optical signals of plasmonic Au-Ag composite films are reproducible. On the other hand, the synergy between Ag and Au in the bimetallic alloy composite film ensures stable and tunable LSPR performance. Furthermore, the prepared 2D ordered (Au-Ag)FON Au-Ag bimetallic material is expected to be used in sensing and catalysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Mingzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yingxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Jinqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Dongqing He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yongjin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Magnetic Field-Assisted Fast Assembly of Microgel Colloidal Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6057-6065. [PMID: 35502583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the colloidal crystals (CCs) of hard spheres, large-scale, high-quality CCs of soft microgel spheres are easier to be assembled because they are more tolerant to defects. However, to assemble microgel CCs, a microgel dispersion should first be concentrated and then allowed to crystallize, which is tedious and time-consuming. Herein, we demonstrated that a magnetic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel with an Fe3O4 core and a PNIPAM shell can be assembled into CCs quickly by simply applying an external magnetic field to the diluted microgel dispersions. The resulting CCs are highly ordered as revealed by their iridescent color, laser diffraction pattern, and confocal characterization. They display a sharp Bragg peak on their reflection spectra, which shifts to lower wavelength when heated because of the thermosensitivity of the PNIPAM shell. The magnetic assembly is not only simple and fast but also allows control of the CC structure in both horizontal and vertical directions. Using spatially varying magnetic fields, patterned microgel CCs were facilely assembled. More importantly, magnetic microgel spheres with different sizes can be assembled in a layer-by-layer manner by adding them sequentially, and the thickness of each layer can be simply controlled by the amount of spheres added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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4
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Two-dimensional colloidal crystal of soft microgel spheres: Development, preparation and applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 212:112358. [PMID: 35101822 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) colloidal crystals are ordered monolayer arrays of colloidal sphere particles assembled on the substrates or at phase interfaces. Owing to their unique periodic structure and fascinating properties, 2D colloidal crystals have aroused considerable interest because of their potential applications. Among them, 2D colloidal crystals self-assembled from soft microgel spheres stand out particularly. The 2D colloidal crystals of soft microgel spheres combine the advantages of monolayer colloidal crystals and sensitive microgels, which have a good application prospect in biomedical area. In this article, we provide a systematic overview of 2D colloidal crystals of soft microgel spheres related to their development, preparation and applications. First, various preparation methods of 2D colloidal crystal of microgels are introduced, including dip-coating, drop-coating, spin-coating, interface assembly, surface reaction-assisted assembly, and so forth. Second, representative biomedical applications consisting of optical sensor, drug delivery, antibacterial coating, cell culture, and colloidal template are also exemplified to show the high performance of 2D colloidal crystals of soft microgel spheres. In addition, we also present prospects of future developments of 2D microgel colloidal crystals.
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Cai Z, Li Z, Ravaine S, He M, Song Y, Yin Y, Zheng H, Teng J, Zhang A. From colloidal particles to photonic crystals: advances in self-assembly and their emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5898-5951. [PMID: 34027954 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, photonic crystals (PhCs) have attracted intense interests thanks to their broad potential applications in optics and photonics. Generally, these structures can be fabricated via either "top-down" lithographic or "bottom-up" self-assembly approaches. The self-assembly approaches have attracted particular attention due to their low cost, simple fabrication processes, relative convenience of scaling up, and the ease of creating complex structures with nanometer precision. The self-assembled colloidal crystals (CCs), which are good candidates for PhCs, have offered unprecedented opportunities for photonics, optics, optoelectronics, sensing, energy harvesting, environmental remediation, pigments, and many other applications. The creation of high-quality CCs and their mass fabrication over large areas are the critical limiting factors for real-world applications. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques in the self-assembly of colloidal particles for the fabrication of large-area high-quality CCs and CCs with unique symmetries. The first part of this review summarizes the types of defects commonly encountered in the fabrication process and their effects on the optical properties of the resultant CCs. Next, the mechanisms of the formation of cracks/defects are discussed, and a range of versatile fabrication methods to create large-area crack/defect-free two-dimensional and three-dimensional CCs are described. Meanwhile, we also shed light on both the advantages and limitations of these advanced approaches developed to fabricate high-quality CCs. The self-assembly routes and achievements in the fabrication of CCs with the ability to open a complete photonic bandgap, such as cubic diamond and pyrochlore structure CCs, are discussed as well. Then emerging applications of large-area high-quality CCs and unique photonic structures enabled by the advanced self-assembly methods are illustrated. At the end of this review, we outlook the future approaches in the fabrication of perfect CCs and highlight their novel real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Cai
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576, Singapore and Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Serge Ravaine
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mingxin He
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Yanlin Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hanbin Zheng
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Ao Zhang
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Hu Y, Tresback J, Pérez-Mercader J. Preparation of ruthenium-functionalized microgels through the intermolecular crosslinking of two functionalized polymers within droplets and study of their chemical/ photo-active behaviors. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Liang S, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Microgel Colloidal Crystals via Photoinitiated Alkyne-Azide Click Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5650-5660. [PMID: 31459719 PMCID: PMC6647982 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) allows for the fine control of the thickness and architecture of the resulting crystals. Various methods have been developed for the LBL assembly of CCs of hard spheres. However, these methods are inapplicable for microgel CCs owing to the softness and deformability of microgel spheres. In this study, a method was proposed for the LBL assembly of microgel CCs. To build the first monolayer, azide-modified microgel spheres were assembled into a three-dimensional (3D) CC. The first 111 plane of the 3D CC close to the substrate was then fixed in situ onto the substrate via photoinitiated alkyne-azide click reaction between the azide groups on the microgels and the alkyne groups on the substrate surface. The removal of unbonded particles resulted in a microgel monolayer with a high degree of order. The second monolayer was assembled in a similar manner, i.e., a 3D microgel CC was initially assembled followed by in situ fixation of the first 111 plane of the 3D crystal with the underlying microgel monolayer by photoinitiated alkyne-azide click reaction. For this purpose, instead of azide-modified microgel spheres, alkyne-modified microgel spheres were used for the assembly of the second layer. Confocal studies confirmed that the second monolayer was located on top of the first layer. When the lattice constant of the 3D CC approximated that of the underlying microgel monolayer, the second monolayer exhibited a high degree of order. Repeating this process led to alternating deposition of highly ordered monolayers of azide-modified and alkyne-modified microgels onto the substrate. Similar to the microgel CCs obtained by the self-assembly of microgel spheres in bulky dispersions, face-centered cubic and hexagonal-close-packed structures also coexisted in the LBL-assembled microgel CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
(Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
(Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
(Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Tang Z, Jia S, Yao L, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Inducing and erasing of defect state in polymerized microgel colloidal crystals via external stimuli. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 526:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Tang Z, Jia S, Yao L, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Glucose-Induced Transition among Three States of a Doped Microgel Colloidal Crystal. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8288-8293. [PMID: 29932669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
For the first time here, we report a colloid crystal capable of undergoing transition among three states in response to external stimuli. The colloidal crystal was assembled from poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel and doped with poly( N-isopropylacrylamide- co-2-acrylamido-phenylboronic acid) (P(NIPAM-2-AAPBA)) microgel. The ordered structure was locked by in situ photopolymerization. Taking advantage of the different responses of the two microgels to external stimuli, defect state can be induced and erased reversibly. Particularly, because the dopant, that is, P(NIPAM-2-AAPBA) microgel sphere, shrinks with increasing glucose concentration, its size changes from larger than the host, that is, PNIPAM microgel sphere, to equal to the host, and finally smaller than the host. Therefore, upon addition of glucose, the crystal undergoes transition from a state with acceptor-type defect, to no defect state, and then to a state with donor-type defect. The transition among the three states is fully reversible. In addition, the response of the doped crystal to glucose is relatively fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Siyu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Lijuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , China
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García Núñez C, Navaraj WT, Liu F, Shakthivel D, Dahiya R. Large-Area Self-Assembly of Silica Microspheres/Nanospheres by Temperature-Assisted Dip-Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:3058-3068. [PMID: 29280379 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a temperature-assisted dip-coating method for self-assembly of silica (SiO2) microspheres/nanospheres (SPs) as monolayers over large areas (∼cm2). The area over which self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are formed can be controlled by tuning the suspension temperature (Ts), which allows precise control over the meniscus shape. Furthermore, the formation of periodic stripes of SAMs, with excellent dimensional control (stripe width and stripe-to-stripe spacing), is demonstrated using a suitable set of dip-coating parameters. These findings establish the role of Ts, and other parameters such as withdrawal speed (Vw), withdrawal angle (θw), and withdrawal step length (Lw). For Ts ranged between 25 and 80 °C, the morphological analysis of dip-coatings shows layered structures comprising of defective layers (25-60 °C), single layers (70 °C), and multilayers (>70 °C) owing to the variation of SP flux at the meniscus/substrate assembling interface. At Ts = 70 °C, there is an optimum Vw, approximately equal to the downshift speed of the meniscus (Vm = 1.3 μm/s), which allows the SAM formation over areas (2.25 cm2) roughly 10 times larger than reported in the literature using nanospheres. Finally, the large-area SAM is used to demonstrate the enhanced performance of antireflective coatings for photovoltaic cells and to create metal nanomesh for Si nanowire synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García Núñez
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies , G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K
| | - William Taube Navaraj
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies , G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K
| | - Fengyuan Liu
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies , G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K
| | - Dhayalan Shakthivel
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies , G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K
| | - Ravinder Dahiya
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies , G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K
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Weng JY, Tang Z, Guan Y, Zhu XX, Zhang YJ. Assembly of highly ordered 2D arrays of silver-PNIPAM hybrid microgels. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Wang P, Yang Q, Ye Z, Zhao C, Yang J. Light-Switchable Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Soft Colloids. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Qiaofeng Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Zhipeng Ye
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Chuanzhuang Zhao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Jingfa Yang
- Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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