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Tezsevin I, Deijkers JH, Merkx MJM, Kessels WMM, Sandoval TE, Mackus AJM. The Consequences of Random Sequential Adsorption for the Precursor Packing and Growth-Per-Cycle of Atomic Layer Deposition Processes. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7496-7501. [PMID: 39013106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes are known to deposit submonolayers of material per cycle, primarily attributed to steric hindrance and a limited number of surface sites. However, an often-overlooked factor is the random sequential adsorption (RSA) mechanism, where precursor molecules arrive one-by-one and adsorb at random surface sites. Consequently, the saturation coverage of precursors significantly deviates from ideal closed packing. In this study, we investigated the influence of RSA on precursor adsorption saturation and, consequently, on the growth per cycle (GPC) of the ALD processes. Our simulations revealed that the RSA model leads to a 22% to 40% lower surface density compared to the reference case of ordered packing. Furthermore, based on the precursor shape and size, we estimated GPC values with an average accuracy of 0.05 Å relative to experimental literature data. This work shows the critical role of RSA in ALD, emphasizing the need to consider this mechanism for a more accurate process design and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tezsevin
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J H Deijkers
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M J M Merkx
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - W M M Kessels
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T E Sandoval
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2340000 Santiago, Chile
| | - A J M Mackus
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Caselli L, Köhler S, Schirone D, Humphreys B, Malmsten M. Conformational control of antimicrobial peptide amphiphilicity: consequences for boosting membrane interactions and antimicrobial effects of photocatalytic TiO 2 nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16529-16539. [PMID: 38828872 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01724b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This study reports on the effects of conformationally controlled amphiphilicity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on their ability to coat TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and boost the photocatalytic antimicrobial effects of such NPs. For this, TiO2 NPs were combined with AMP EFK17 (EFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLV), displaying a disordered conformation in aqueous solution but helix formation on interaction with bacterial membranes. The membrane-bound helix is amphiphilic, with all polar and charged amino acid residues located at one side and all non-polar and hydrophobic residues on the other. In contrast, the d-enantiomer variant EFK17-d (E(dF)KR(dI)VQR(dI)KD(dF)LRNLV) is unable to form the amphiphilic helix on bacterial membrane interaction, whereas the W-residues in EFK17-W (EWKRWVQRWKDFLRNLV) boost hydrophobic interactions of the amphiphilic helix. Circular dichroism results showed the effects displayed for the free peptide, to also be present for peptide-coated TiO2 NPs, causing peptide binding to decrease in the order EFK17-W > EFK17 > EFK17-d. Notably, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the TiO2 NPs was essentially unaffected by the presence of peptide coating, for all the peptides investigated, and the coatings stabilized over hours of UV exposure. Photocatalytic membrane degradation from TiO2 NPs coated with EFK17-W and EFK17 was promoted for bacteria-like model bilayers containing anionic phosphatidylglycerol but suppressed in mammalian-like bilayers formed by zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Structural aspects of these effects were further investigated by neutron reflectometry with clear variations observed between the bacteria- and mammalian-like model bilayers for the three peptides. Mirroring these results in bacteria-like model membranes, combining TiO2 NPs with EFK17-W and EFK17, but not with non-adsorbing EFK17-d, resulted in boosted antimicrobial effects of the resulting cationic composite NPs already in darkness, effects enhanced further on UV illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Caselli
- Department of Physical Chemistry 1, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- LINXS Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, Scheelevagen 19, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Davide Schirone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ben Humphreys
- Institut Laue-Langevin, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department of Physical Chemistry 1, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Velankar KY, Gawalt ES, Wen Y, Meng WS. Pharmaceutical proteins at the interfaces and the role of albumin. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3474. [PMID: 38647437 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A critical measure of the quality of pharmaceutical proteins is the preservation of native conformations of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Denaturation of the active proteins in any step before administration into patients could lead to loss of potency and/or aggregation, which is associated with an increased risk of immunogenicity of the products. Interfacial stress enhances protein instability as their adsorption to the air-liquid and liquid-solid interfaces are implicated in the formation of denatured proteins and aggregates. While excipients in protein formulations have been employed to reduce the risk of aggregation, the roles of albumin as a stabilizer have not been reviewed from practical and theoretical standpoints. The amphiphilic nature of albumin makes it accumulate at the interfaces. In this review, we aim to bridge the knowledge gap between interfacial instability and the influence of albumin as a surface-active excipient in the context of reducing the immunogenicity risk of protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Y Velankar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen S Gawalt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Random sequential adsorption: An efficient tool for investigating the deposition of macromolecules and colloidal particles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 306:102692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Capturing colloidal nano- and microplastics with plant-based nanocellulose networks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1814. [PMID: 35383163 PMCID: PMC8983699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics accumulate in various aquatic organisms causing serious health issues, and have raised concerns about human health by entering our food chain. The recovery techniques for the most challenging colloidal fraction are limited, even for analytical purposes. Here we show how a hygroscopic nanocellulose network acts as an ideal capturing material even for the tiniest nanoplastic particles. We reveal that the entrapment of particles from aqueous environment is primarily a result of the network’s hygroscopic nature - a feature which is further intensified with the high surface area of nanocellulose. We broaden the understanding of the mechanism for particle capture by investigating the influence of pH and ionic strength on the adsorption behaviour. We determine the nanoplastic binding mechanisms using surface sensitive methods, and interpret the results with the random sequential adsorption (RSA) model. These findings hold potential for the explicit quantification of the colloidal nano- and microplastics from different aqueous environments, and eventually, provide solutions to collect them directly on-site where they are produced. Nanoplastic particles in aqueous environments are challenging to quantify and characterize due to a lack of methods to capture and analyze them. Here the authors demonstrate that nanocellulose networks can be used to capture colloidal plastics and quantify them through their fluorescence and adsorption, providing kinetic information on their uptake.
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6
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Cieśla M, Kubala P, Kozubek K. Algorithms to generate saturated random sequential adsorption packings built of rounded polygons. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:063308. [PMID: 34271732 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.063308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We present the algorithm for generating strictly saturated random sequential adsorption packings built of rounded polygons. It can be used in studying various properties of such packings built of a wide variety of different shapes, and in modeling monolayers obtained during irreversible adsorption processes of complex molecules. Here, we apply the algorithm to study the densities of packings built of rounded regular polygons. Contrary to packings built of regular polygons, where the packing fraction grows with an increasing number of polygon sides, here the packing fraction reaches its maximum for packings built of rounded regular triangles. With a growing number of polygon sides and increasing rounding radius, the packing fractions tend to the limit given by a packing built of disks. However, they are still slightly higher, even for the rounded 25-gon, which is the highest-sided regular polygon studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Cieśla
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Statistical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Kubala
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Statistical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Kozubek
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Statistical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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7
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Yin H, Mensch AC, Lochbaum CA, Foreman-Ortiz IU, Caudill ER, Hamers RJ, Pedersen JA. Influence of Sensor Coating and Topography on Protein and Nanoparticle Interaction with Supported Lipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2256-2267. [PMID: 33560854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have proven to be valuable model systems for studying the interactions of proteins, peptides, and nanoparticles with biological membranes. The physicochemical properties (e.g., topography, coating) of the solid substrate may affect the formation and properties of supported phospholipid bilayers, and thus, subsequent interactions with biomolecules or nanoparticles. Here, we examine the influence of support coating (SiO2 vs Si3N4) and topography [sensors with embedded vs protruding gold nanodisks for nanoplasmonic sensing (NPS)] on the formation and subsequent interactions of supported phospholipid bilayers with the model protein cytochrome c and with cationic polymer-wrapped quantum dots using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and NPS techniques. The specific protein and nanoparticle were chosen because they differ in the degree to which they penetrate the bilayer. We find that bilayer formation and subsequent non-penetrative association with cytochrome c were not significantly influenced by substrate composition or topography. In contrast, the interactions of nanoparticles with SLBs depended on the substrate composition. The substrate-dependence of nanoparticle adsorption is attributed to the more negative zeta-potential of the bilayers supported by the silica vs the silicon nitride substrate and to the penetration of the cationic polymer wrapping the nanoparticles into the bilayer. Our results indicate that the degree to which nanoscale analytes interact with SLBs may be influenced by the underlying substrate material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Arielle C Mensch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christian A Lochbaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Isabel U Foreman-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Emily R Caudill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Robert J Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joel A Pedersen
- Departments of Soil Science, Civil & Environmental Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53076, United States
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8
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Wang Y, van Asdonk K, Zijlstra P. A Robust and General Approach to Quantitatively Conjugate Enzymes to Plasmonic Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13356-13363. [PMID: 31545896 PMCID: PMC6798157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugates of plasmonic nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their potential biomedical applications. Successful bioconjugation requires control over the number and activity of the conjugated proteins and the colloidal stability of the particles. In practice, this requires reoptimization of the conjugation protocol for each combination of protein and nanoparticle. Here, we report a robust and general protocol that allows for the conjugation of a range of proteins to different types of nanoparticles using very short polyethylene-glycol(PEG) linkers, while simultaneously preserving protein activity and colloidal stability. The use of short linkers ensures that the protein is located close to the particle surface, where the refractive index sensitivity and near-field enhancement are maximal. We demonstrate that the use of a Tween20 containing stabilizing buffer is critical in maintaining colloidal stability and protein function throughout the protocol. We obtain quantitative control over the average number of enzymes per particle by either varying the number of functional groups on the particle or the enzyme concentration during incubation. This new route of preparing quantitative protein-nanoparticle bioconjugates paves the way to develop rational and quantitative strategies to functionalize nanoparticles for applications in sensing, medical diagnostics, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten van Asdonk
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Zijlstra
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Lebovka NI, Vygornitskii NV, Tarasevich YY. Relaxation in two-dimensional suspensions of rods as driven by Brownian diffusion. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042139. [PMID: 31770898 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Relaxation in a two-dimensional suspensions containing rods was studied by using dynamic Monte Carlo simulations. An off-lattice model with continuous positional and orientational degrees of freedom was considered. The initial state was produced by using a random sequential adsorption model. During the relaxation, the rods underwent translational and rotational Brownian motions. The simulations were run at different values of number density ρ (the number of rods per unit area) and of the initial orientation order parameter S_{i}. The rods were assumed to have core-shell structures. The evolutions of both the connectivity and the order parameter have revealed different relaxation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I Lebovka
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Disperse Minerals, F. D. Ovcharenko Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
- Department of Physics, Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Nikolai V Vygornitskii
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Disperse Minerals, F. D. Ovcharenko Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Yuri Yu Tarasevich
- Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, 414056, Russia
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10
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Rafique S, Idrees M, Bokhari H, Bhatti AS. Ellipsometric-based novel DNA biosensor for label-free, real-time detection of Bordetella parapertussis. J Biol Phys 2019; 45:275-291. [PMID: 31375953 PMCID: PMC6706519 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-019-09528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis (or whooping cough) is a contagious disease mainly affecting infants and children and predominantly caused by Bordetella pertussis followed by Bordetella parapertussis. B. parapertussis causes a milder cough but usually symptomatically appears like B. pertussis infection. Thus the epidemiology of illness caused by B. parapertussis is not well understood. In this study, a sensitive and specific method for the rapid diagnosis of B. parapertussis is presented. The covalent immobilization of thiol-terminated DNA oligonucleotides (ss DNA SAM) on a silicon surface by disulfide bond formation is investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry. The measurements indicated an average layer thickness of 5 ± 0.84 nm for 2 μg/μl concentration and 24 h incubation time. This thickness changed to 8.4 ± 0.92 nm for the same concentration (2 μg/μl) by altering the incubation time to 48 h. Ellipsometric data recorded before and after hybridization of B. parapertussis revealed an increase in mean grain area from 91 nm2 to 227 nm2 and a change in the refractive index from 1.489 to 1.648 for 2 μg/μl B. parapertussis, respectively. This change in the refractive index was used to evaluate the amount of adsorbed molecules and their density. The results showed that the density of adsorbed molecules increased from 0.2 to 0.97 g/cm3 after B. parapertussis attachment, respectively. To confirm the hybridization of B. parapertussis to ss DNA SAM, the ds DNA SAM was denatured and the ss DNA SAM surface was reproduced with an average height variation of 6.42 ± 0.75 nm. This showed the stability of the DNA film that can be tuned by varying the concentration and incubation time, thus providing a robust method for the label-free detection of B. parapertussis other than routinely used PCR detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rafique
- Department of Physics, Air University, PAF Complex, E-9, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - M Idrees
- Department of Microbiology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - H Bokhari
- Department of Microbiology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - A S Bhatti
- Centre for Micro & Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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11
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Forov Y, Paulus M, Dogan S, Salmen P, Weis C, Gahlmann T, Behrendt A, Albers C, Elbers M, Schnettger W, Egger S, Zwar E, Rehage H, Kiesel I, Riedl T, Tolan M. Adsorption Behavior of Lysozyme at Titanium Oxide-Water Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5403-5408. [PMID: 29658720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an in situ X-ray reflectivity study of the adsorption behavior of the protein lysozyme on titanium oxide layers under variation of different thermodynamic parameters, such as temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and pH value. Moreover, by varying the layer thickness of the titanium oxide layer on a silicon wafer, changes in the adsorption behavior of lysozyme were studied. In total, we determined less adsorption on titanium oxide compared with silicon dioxide, while increasing the titanium oxide layer thickness causes stronger adsorption. Furthermore, the variation of temperature from 20 to 80 °C yields an increase in the amount of adsorbed lysozyme at the interface. Additional measurements with variation of the pH value of the system in a region between pH 2 and 12 show that the surface charge of both protein and titanium oxide has a crucial role in the adsorption process. Further pressure-dependent experiments between 50 and 5000 bar show a reduction of the amount of adsorbed lysozyme with increasing pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Forov
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Michael Paulus
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Susanne Dogan
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Paul Salmen
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Christopher Weis
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Tobias Gahlmann
- Institute of Electronic Devices , University of Wuppertal , 42119 Wuppertal , Germany
| | - Andreas Behrendt
- Institute of Electronic Devices , University of Wuppertal , 42119 Wuppertal , Germany
| | - Christian Albers
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Mirko Elbers
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Wiebke Schnettger
- Physikalische Chemie I-Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
| | - Simon Egger
- Physikalische Chemie II , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
| | - Elena Zwar
- Physikalische Chemie II , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
| | - Heinz Rehage
- Physikalische Chemie II , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
| | - Irena Kiesel
- Physikalische Chemie I-Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
| | - Thomas Riedl
- Institute of Electronic Devices , University of Wuppertal , 42119 Wuppertal , Germany
| | - Metin Tolan
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44221 Dortmund , Germany
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