1
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Noël N, Duchateau S, Messire G, Massicot F, Vasse JL, Villaume S, Aziz A, Dorey S, Crouzet J, Behr JB. Protecting-group free synthesis of glycoconjugates displaying dual fungicidal and plant defense-eliciting activities. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106829. [PMID: 37690319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of carbohydrate templated isoxazolidines is described, by reaction of unprotected glycosylhydroxylamines (operating as 1,3-dipoles) with methyl acrylate using microwave activation. Rhamno- and erythro-isoxazolidines are recognized by plant cells, resulting in a strong ROS-production as a plant immune response, and exert a high antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Noël
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Simon Duchateau
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP-USC INRAE 1488, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Gatien Messire
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Fabien Massicot
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vasse
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Sandra Villaume
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP-USC INRAE 1488, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP-USC INRAE 1488, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP-USC INRAE 1488, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP-USC INRAE 1488, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Jean-Bernard Behr
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, 51687 Reims, France.
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2
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Rodríguez-Moraga N, Ramos-Martín F, Buchoux S, Rippa S, D'Amelio N, Sarazin C. The effect of rhamnolipids on fungal membrane models as described by their interactions with phospholipids and sterols: An in silico study. Front Chem 2023; 11:1124129. [PMID: 36895318 PMCID: PMC9989204 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1124129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rhamnolipids (RLs) are secondary metabolites naturally produced by bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia with biosurfactant properties. A specific interest raised from their potential as biocontrol agents for crop culture protection in regard to direct antifungal and elicitor activities. As for other amphiphilic compounds, a direct interaction with membrane lipids has been suggested as the key feature for the perception and subsequent activity of RLs. Methods: Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are used in this work to provide an atomistic description of their interactions with different membranous lipids and focusing on their antifungal properties. Results and discussion: Our results suggest the insertion of RLs into the modelled bilayers just below the plane drawn by lipid phosphate groups, a placement that is effective in promoting significant membrane fluidification of the hydrophobic core. This localization is promoted by the formation of ionic bonds between the carboxylate group of RLs and the amino group of the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylserine (PS) headgroups. Moreover, RL acyl chains adhere to the ergosterol structure, forming a significantly higher number of van der Waals contact with respect to what is observed for phospholipid acyl chains. All these interactions might be essential for the membranotropic-driven biological actions of RLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nely Rodríguez-Moraga
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Francisco Ramos-Martín
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sébastien Buchoux
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sonia Rippa
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Nicola D'Amelio
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Sarazin
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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3
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Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Gilliard G, Dorey S, Deleu M, Dhondt-Cordelier S. Deciphering the role of plant plasma membrane lipids in response to invasion patterns: how could biology and biophysics help? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2765-2784. [PMID: 35560208 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to constantly face pathogen attacks. To cope with diseases, they have to detect the invading pathogen as early as possible via the sensing of conserved motifs called invasion patterns. The first step of perception occurs at the plasma membrane. While many invasion patterns are perceived by specific proteinaceous immune receptors, several studies have highlighted the influence of the lipid composition and dynamics of the plasma membrane in the sensing of invasion patterns. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on how some microbial invasion patterns could interact with the lipids of the plasma membrane, leading to a plant immune response. Depending on the invasion pattern, different mechanisms are involved. This review outlines the potential of combining biological with biophysical approaches to decipher how plasma membrane lipids are involved in the perception of microbial invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Guillaume Gilliard
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, TERRA Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100 Reims, France
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4
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Schellenberger R, Crouzet J, Nickzad A, Shu LJ, Kutschera A, Gerster T, Borie N, Dawid C, Cloutier M, Villaume S, Dhondt-Cordelier S, Hubert J, Cordelier S, Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre F, Schmid C, Ongena M, Renault JH, Haudrechy A, Hofmann T, Baillieul F, Clément C, Zipfel C, Gauthier C, Déziel E, Ranf S, Dorey S. Bacterial rhamnolipids and their 3-hydroxyalkanoate precursors activate Arabidopsis innate immunity through two independent mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101366118. [PMID: 34561304 PMCID: PMC8488661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101366118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant innate immunity is activated upon perception of invasion pattern molecules by plant cell-surface immune receptors. Several bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia produce rhamnolipids (RLs) from l-rhamnose and (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate precursors (HAAs). RL and HAA secretion is required to modulate bacterial surface motility, biofilm development, and thus successful colonization of hosts. Here, we show that the lipidic secretome from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mainly comprising RLs and HAAs, stimulates Arabidopsis immunity. We demonstrate that HAAs are sensed by the bulb-type lectin receptor kinase LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION/S-DOMAIN-1-29 (LORE/SD1-29), which also mediates medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid (mc-3-OH-FA) perception, in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana HAA sensing induces canonical immune signaling and local resistance to plant pathogenic Pseudomonas infection. By contrast, RLs trigger an atypical immune response and resistance to Pseudomonas infection independent of LORE. Thus, the glycosyl moieties of RLs, although abolishing sensing by LORE, do not impair their ability to trigger plant defense. Moreover, our results show that the immune response triggered by RLs is affected by the sphingolipid composition of the plasma membrane. In conclusion, RLs and their precursors released by bacteria can both be perceived by plants but through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Schellenberger
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Arvin Nickzad
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Alexander Kutschera
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Tim Gerster
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Nicolas Borie
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7312, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Maude Cloutier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Sandra Villaume
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Jane Hubert
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7312, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Florence Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Christian Schmid
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Laboratory, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Jean-Hugues Renault
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7312, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Arnaud Haudrechy
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7312, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Eric Déziel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany;
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Unité d'accueil 4707, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité sous contrat 1488, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Condorcet, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3417, 51687 Reims, France;
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5
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Lecordier L, Uzureau S, Vanwalleghem G, Deleu M, Crowet JM, Barry P, Moran B, Voorheis P, Dumitru AC, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Dieu M, Tebabi P, Vanhollebeke B, Lins L, Botté CY, Alsteens D, Dufrêne Y, Pérez-Morga D, Nolan DP, Pays E. The Trypanosoma Brucei KIFC1 Kinesin Ensures the Fast Antibody Clearance Required for Parasite Infectivity. iScience 2020; 23:101476. [PMID: 32889430 PMCID: PMC7479354 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human innate immunity to Trypanosoma brucei involves the trypanosome C-terminal kinesin TbKIFC1, which transports internalized trypanolytic factor apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) within the parasite. We show that TbKIFC1 preferentially associates with cholesterol-containing membranes and is indispensable for mammalian infectivity. Knockdown of TbKIFC1 did not affect trypanosome growth in vitro but rendered the parasites unable to infect mice unless antibody synthesis was compromised. Surface clearance of Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG)-antibody complexes was far slower in these cells, which were more susceptible to capture by macrophages. This phenotype was not due to defects in VSG expression or trafficking but to decreased VSG mobility in a less fluid, stiffer surface membrane. This change can be attributed to increased cholesterol level in the surface membrane in TbKIFC1 knockdown cells. Clearance of surface-bound antibodies by T. brucei is therefore essential for infectivity and depends on high membrane fluidity maintained by the cholesterol-trafficking activity of TbKIFC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sophie Uzureau
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vanwalleghem
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interface (LBMI), University of Liège-Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Crowet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interface (LBMI), University of Liège-Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Paul Barry
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Barry Moran
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul Voorheis
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andra-Cristina Dumitru
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Marc Dieu
- MaSUN, Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Patricia Tebabi
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interface (LBMI), University of Liège-Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Cyrille Y. Botté
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yves Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Derek P. Nolan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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6
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Crouzet J, Arguelles-Arias A, Dhondt-Cordelier S, Cordelier S, Pršić J, Hoff G, Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre F, Baillieul F, Clément C, Ongena M, Dorey S. Biosurfactants in Plant Protection Against Diseases: Rhamnolipids and Lipopeptides Case Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:1014. [PMID: 33015005 PMCID: PMC7505919 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic surface-active molecules that are produced by a variety of microorganisms including fungi and bacteria. Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Bacillus species are known to secrete rhamnolipids and lipopeptides that are used in a wide range of industrial applications. Recently, these compounds have been studied in a context of plant-microbe interactions. This mini-review describes the direct antimicrobial activities of these compounds against plant pathogens. We also provide the current knowledge on how rhamnolipids and lipopeptides stimulate the plant immune system leading to plant resistance to phytopathogens. Given their low toxicity, high biodegradability and ecological acceptance, we discuss the possible role of these biosurfactants as alternative strategies to reduce or even replace pesticide use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Crouzet
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Anthony Arguelles-Arias
- MiPI laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of LieÌge, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Jelena Pršić
- MiPI laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of LieÌge, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Gregory Hoff
- MiPI laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of LieÌge, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marc Ongena
- MiPI laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of LieÌge, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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7
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Furlan AL, Laurin Y, Botcazon C, Rodríguez-Moraga N, Rippa S, Deleu M, Lins L, Sarazin C, Buchoux S. Contributions and Limitations of Biophysical Approaches to Study of the Interactions between Amphiphilic Molecules and the Plant Plasma Membrane. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050648. [PMID: 32443858 PMCID: PMC7285231 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Some amphiphilic molecules are able to interact with the lipid matrix of plant plasma membranes and trigger the immune response in plants. This original mode of perception is not yet fully understood and biophysical approaches could help to obtain molecular insights. In this review, we focus on such membrane-interacting molecules, and present biophysically grounded methods that are used and are particularly interesting in the investigation of this mode of perception. Rather than going into overly technical details, the aim of this review was to provide to readers with a plant biochemistry background a good overview of how biophysics can help to study molecular interactions between bioactive amphiphilic molecules and plant lipid membranes. In particular, we present the biomimetic membrane models typically used, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular modeling, and fluorescence approaches, because they are especially suitable for this field of research. For each technique, we provide a brief description, a few case studies, and the inherent limitations, so non-specialists can gain a good grasp on how they could extend their toolbox and/or could apply new techniques to study amphiphilic bioactive compound and lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien L. Furlan
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Research Center, Université de Liège, B5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (A.L.F.); (Y.L.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Yoann Laurin
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Research Center, Université de Liège, B5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (A.L.F.); (Y.L.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR 7025 CNRS/UPJV/UTC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (C.B.); (N.R.-M.); (C.S.)
| | - Camille Botcazon
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR 7025 CNRS/UPJV/UTC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (C.B.); (N.R.-M.); (C.S.)
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR 7025 CNRS/UPJV/UTC, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60200 Compiègne, France;
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Moraga
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR 7025 CNRS/UPJV/UTC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (C.B.); (N.R.-M.); (C.S.)
| | - Sonia Rippa
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR 7025 CNRS/UPJV/UTC, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60200 Compiègne, France;
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Research Center, Université de Liège, B5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (A.L.F.); (Y.L.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Research Center, Université de Liège, B5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (A.L.F.); (Y.L.); (M.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Catherine Sarazin
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR 7025 CNRS/UPJV/UTC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (C.B.); (N.R.-M.); (C.S.)
| | - Sébastien Buchoux
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR 7025 CNRS/UPJV/UTC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; (C.B.); (N.R.-M.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-2282-7473
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Nitenberg M, Makshakova O, Rocha J, Perez S, Maréchal E, Block MA, Girard-Egrot A, Breton C. Mechanism of activation of plant monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (MGD1) by phosphatidylglycerol. Glycobiology 2020; 30:396-406. [PMID: 32100029 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol are essential galactolipids for the biogenesis of plastids and functioning of the photosynthetic machinery. In Arabidopsis, the first step of galactolipid synthesis is catalyzed by monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (MGD1), a monotopic protein located in the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts, which transfers a galactose residue from UDP-galactose to diacylglycerol (DAG). MGD1 needs anionic lipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) to be active, but the mechanism by which PG activates MGD1 is still unknown. Recent studies shed light on the catalytic mechanism of MGD1 and on the possible PG binding site. Particularly, Pro189 was identified as a potential residue implicated in PG binding and His155 as the putative catalytic residue. In the present study, using a multifaceted approach (Langmuir membrane models, atomic force microscopy, molecular dynamics; MD), we investigated the membrane binding properties of native MGD1 and mutants (P189A and H115A). We demonstrated that both residues are involved in PG binding, thus suggesting the existence of a PG-His catalytic dyad that should facilitate deprotonation of the nucleophile hydroxyl group of DAG acceptor. Interestingly, MD simulations showed that MGD1 induces a reorganization of lipids by attracting DAG molecules to create an optimal platform for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milène Nitenberg
- CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, University Grenoble Alpes, Domaine universitaire, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Olga Makshakova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, P.O. Box 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Joana Rocha
- CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, University Grenoble Alpes, Domaine universitaire, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Perez
- CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, University Grenoble Alpes, Domaine universitaire, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CNRS, CEA, INRA, University Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Maryse A Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CNRS, CEA, INRA, University Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Agnès Girard-Egrot
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246, CNRS, Univ. Lyon 1, GEMBAS team, University of Lyon, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christelle Breton
- CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, University Grenoble Alpes, Domaine universitaire, 38041 Grenoble, France
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Schellenberger R, Touchard M, Clément C, Baillieul F, Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Dorey S. Apoplastic invasion patterns triggering plant immunity: plasma membrane sensing at the frontline. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1602-1616. [PMID: 31353775 PMCID: PMC6804340 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to effectively cope with invading pathogens by activating an immune response based on the detection of invasion patterns (IPs) originating from the pathogen or released by the plant after infection. At a first level, this perception takes place at the plasma membrane through cell surface immune receptors and although the involvement of proteinaceous pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is well established, increasing data are also pointing out the role of membrane lipids in the sensing of IPs. In this review, we discuss the evolution of various conceptual models describing plant immunity and present an overview of well-characterized IPs from different natures and origins. We summarize the current knowledge on how they are perceived by plants at the plasma membrane, highlighting the increasingly apparent diversity of sentinel-related systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Schellenberger
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Matthieu Touchard
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Christophe Clément
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
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Linoleic and linolenic acid hydroperoxides interact differentially with biomimetic plant membranes in a lipid specific manner. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:384-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Monnier N, Furlan AL, Buchoux S, Deleu M, Dauchez M, Rippa S, Sarazin C. Exploring the Dual Interaction of Natural Rhamnolipids with Plant and Fungal Biomimetic Plasma Membranes through Biophysical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1009. [PMID: 30813553 PMCID: PMC6429473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs) are potential biocontrol agents for crop culture protection. Their mode of action has been proposed as dual, combining plant protection activation and antifungal activities. The present work focuses on the interaction of natural RLs with plant and fungi membrane models at the molecular scale. Representative models were constructed and the interaction with RLs was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (²H NMR) spectroscopic measurements. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed to investigate RL insertion in lipid bilayers. Our results showed that the RLs fit into the membrane models and were located near the lipid phosphate group of the phospholipid bilayers, nearby phospholipid glycerol backbones. The results obtained with plant plasma membrane models suggest that the insertion of RLs inside the lipid bilayer did not significantly affect lipid dynamics. Oppositely, a clear fluidity increase of fungi membrane models was observed. This effect was related to the presence and the specific structure of ergosterol. The nature of the phytosterols could also influence the RL effect on plant plasma membrane destabilization. Subtle changes in lipid dynamics could then be linked with plant defense induction and the more drastic effects associated with fungal membrane destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noadya Monnier
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80039 Amiens, France.
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60200 Compiègne, France.
| | - Aurélien L Furlan
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Sébastien Buchoux
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, B5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Manuel Dauchez
- Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 7369, Chaire MAgICS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), 51687 Reims, France.
| | - Sonia Rippa
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60200 Compiègne, France.
| | - Catherine Sarazin
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80039 Amiens, France.
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Héloir MC, Adrian M, Brulé D, Claverie J, Cordelier S, Daire X, Dorey S, Gauthier A, Lemaître-Guillier C, Negrel J, Trdá L, Trouvelot S, Vandelle E, Poinssot B. Recognition of Elicitors in Grapevine: From MAMP and DAMP Perception to Induced Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1117. [PMID: 31620151 PMCID: PMC6760519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a sustainable viticulture, the implementation of innovative eco-friendly strategies, such as elicitor-triggered immunity, requires a deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine defense activation, from pathogen perception to resistance induction. During plant-pathogen interaction, the first step of plant defense activation is ensured by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns, which are elicitors directly derived from pathogenic or beneficial microbes. Vitis vinifera, like other plants, can perceive elicitors of different nature, including proteins, amphiphilic glycolipid, and lipopeptide molecules as well as polysaccharides, thanks to their cognate pattern recognition receptors, the discovery of which recently began in this plant species. Furthermore, damage-associated molecular patterns are another class of elicitors perceived by V. vinifera as an invader's hallmark. They are mainly polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall and are generally released through the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by microbes. Elicitor perception and subsequent activation of grapevine immunity end in some cases in efficient grapevine resistance against pathogens. Using complementary approaches, several molecular markers have been identified as hallmarks of this induced resistance stage. This review thus focuses on the recognition of elicitors by Vitis vinifera describing the molecular mechanisms triggered from the elicitor perception to the activation of immune responses. Finally, we discuss the fact that the link between elicitation and induced resistance is not so obvious and that the formulation of resistance inducers remains a key step before their application in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Justine Claverie
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- UniLaSalle, AGHYLE Research Unit UP 2018.C101, Rouen, France
| | | | - Jonathan Negrel
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Benoit Poinssot,
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Chaliha C, Rugen MD, Field RA, Kalita E. Glycans as Modulators of Plant Defense Against Filamentous Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 30022987 PMCID: PMC6039678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes utilize glycoconjugates as structural entities, energy reserves for cellular processes, and components of cellular recognition or binding events. The structural heterogeneity of carbohydrates in such systems is a result of the ability of the carbohydrate biosynthetic enzymes to reorient sugar monomers in a variety of forms, generating highly complex, linear, branched, or hierarchical structures. During the interaction between plants and their microbial pathogens, the microbial cell surface glycans, cell wall derived glycans, and glycoproteins stimulate the signaling cascades of plant immune responses, through a series of specific or broad spectrum recognition events. The microbial glycan-induced plant immune responses and the downstream modifications observed in host-plant glycan structures that combat the microbial attack have garnered immense interest among scientists in recent times. This has been enabled by technological advancements in the field of glycobiology, making it possible to study the ongoing co-evolution of the microbial and the corresponding host glycan structures, in greater detail. The new glycan analogs emerging in this evolutionary arms race brings about a fresh perspective to our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions. This review discusses the role of diverse classes of glycans and their derivatives including simple sugars, oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in relation to the activation of classical Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) and Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) defense responses in plants. While primarily encompassing the biological roles of glycans in modulating plant defense responses, this review categorizes glycans based on their structure, thereby enabling parallels to be drawn to other areas of glycobiology. Further, we examine how these molecules are currently being used to develop new bio-active molecules, potent as priming agents to stimulate plant defense response and as templates for designing environmentally friendly foliar sprays for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Chaliha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Michael D. Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eeshan Kalita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Synthetic Rhamnolipid Bolaforms trigger an innate immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8534. [PMID: 29867089 PMCID: PMC5986815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of plant innate immunity by natural and synthetic elicitors is a promising alternative to conventional pesticides for a more sustainable agriculture. Sugar-based bolaamphiphiles are known for their biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. In this work, we show that Synthetic Rhamnolipid Bolaforms (SRBs) that have been synthesized by green chemistry trigger Arabidopsis innate immunity. Using structure-function analysis, we demonstrate that SRBs, depending on the acyl chain length, differentially activate early and late immunity-related plant defense responses and provide local increase in resistance to plant pathogenic bacteria. Our biophysical data suggest that SRBs can interact with plant biomimetic plasma membrane and open the possibility of a lipid driven process for plant-triggered immunity by SRBs.
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