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Sun Z, Saunders SR. Impacts of Small SBA-15 Mesopores on Translation and Rotational Diffusion of Benzyl Alcohol. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:9561-9572. [PMID: 39292547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c05966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Small SBA-15 pores can enhance the catalytic activity of gold catalysts in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol reaction. The goal of this work is to probe the impact of SBA-15 pores on the translational and rotational diffusion of the reactive species (e.g., benzyl alcohol). Herein, we demonstrate the use of nuclear magnetic resonance-based diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and T1 relaxation techniques to measure the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of liquid benzyl alcohol molecules in three distinct environments: bulk, pore, and near-surface. The DOSY and T1 relaxation techniques render the routine diffusion measurements for liquid molecules confined in small pores possible. Furthermore, we measure the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of benzyl alcohol molecules in the bulk, pore, and near-surface environments at varying temperatures. These measurements are then correlated via the Arrhenius equation to determine the activation energy associated with their translational (Et) and rotational (Er) diffusion. A higher activation energy suggests a more difficult diffusion process, while a lower activation energy implies a facile diffusion process. Our findings demonstrate that the ranking of Et follows the order of bulk (difficult) > near-surface > pore (easy), whereas the ranking of Er follows the order of pore (difficult) > bulk > near-surface (easy). This result suggests that the small SBA-15 pores can facilitate the translational diffusion but hinder the rotational diffusion of benzyl alcohol molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengran Sun
- The Gene and Linda Voilanad School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voilanad School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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2
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Dowlati S, Mokhtari R, Hohl L, Miller R, Kraume M. Advances in CO 2-switchable surfactants towards the fabrication and application of responsive colloids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 315:102907. [PMID: 37086624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
CO2-switchable surfactants have selective surface-activity, which can be activated or deactivated either by adding or removing CO2 from the solution. This feature enables us to use them in the fabrication of responsive colloids, a group of dispersed systems that can be controlled by changing the environmental conditions. In chemical processes, including extraction, reaction, or heterogeneous catalysis, colloids are required in some specific steps of the processes, in which maximum contact area between immiscible phases or reactants is desired. Afterward, the colloids must be broken for the postprocessing of products, solvents, and agents, which can be facilitated by using CO2-switchable surfactants in surfactant-stabilized colloids. These surfactants are mainly cationic and can be activated by the protonation of a nitrogen-containing group upon sparging CO2 gas. Also, CO2-switchable superamphiphiles can be formed by non-covalent bonding between components at least one of which is CO2-switchable. So far, CO2-switchable surfactants have been used in CO2-switchable spherical and wormlike micelles, vesicles, emulsions, foams, and Pickering emulsions. Here, we review the fabrication procedure, chemical structure, switching scheme, stability, environmental conditions, and design philosophy of such responsive colloids. Their fields of application are wide, including emulsion polymerization, catalysis, soil washing, drug delivery, extraction, viscosity control, and oil transportation. We also emphasize their application for the CO2-assisted enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process as a promising approach for carbon capture, utilization, and storage to combat climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Dowlati
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rasoul Mokhtari
- Danish Offshore Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lena Hohl
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Miller
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Wallace WT, Hayward JS, Ho CY, Marsh AR, Tariq A, Bartley JK. Triethylamine–Water as a Switchable Solvent for the Synthesis of Cu/ZnO Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Methanol. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCu/ZnO catalyst precursors for industrial methanol synthesis catalysts are traditionally synthesised by coprecipitation. In this study, a new precipitation route has been investigated based on anti-solvent precipitation using a switchable solvent system of triethylamine and water. This system forms a biphasic system under a nitrogen atmosphere and can be switched to an ionic liquid single phase under a carbon dioxide atmosphere. When metal nitrate solutions were precipitated from water using triethylamine–water as the anti-solvent a hydroxynitrate phase, gerhardite, was formed, rather than the hydroxycarbonate, malachite, formed by coprecipitation. When calcined and reduced, the gerhardite precursors formed Cu/ZnO catalysts which showed better productivity for methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation than a traditional malachite precursor, despite their larger CuO crystallite size determined by X-ray diffraction. The solvents could be recovered by switching to the biphasic system after precipitation, to allow solvent recycling in the process, reducing waste associated with the catalyst synthesis.
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4
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Wang Z, Li X, Chen S, Dong J. Fabrication of Soft-Oxometalates {Mo 132} Clusters With Novel Azobenzene Surfactants: Size Control by Micelles and Light. Front Chem 2021; 9:625077. [PMID: 33681144 PMCID: PMC7928308 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.625077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft-oxometalates (SOMs) are colloid suspensions of superstructured assemblies of polyoxometalates (POMs) and are found to be very effective photo-catalysts in a number of chemical reactions. The stabilization of SOMs generally requires legends or stabilizers, e.g., polymers and surfactants. In this paper, a light responsive azobenzene surfactant, C10AZOC2N3, was developed and used to stable {Mo132} SOMs. Various techniques such as Dynamic light scattering, TEM, UV-Vis spectra and cyclic voltammetry were employed to characterize the experimental results. The outstanding structure-directing effect of surfactant self-assembly micelles in solution on inorganic counter-anions was demonstrated. Different amount of cyclohexane was solubilized into C10AZOC2N3 micelles to successfully control the size of {Mo132} SOMs cluster. Furthermore, the clusters exposed to UV light for a certain time can be served as a second trigger to control the size of SOMs due to the trans-cis conformation transition of surfactant molecules. The redox potentials of C10AZOC2N3-{Mo132} SOMs were investigated as the cluster size varied. Interestingly, the redox potential of {Mo132} was not affected by the cluster size, indicating that the presence of surfactant did not change the main function of {Mo132} as an electrochemical catalyst, but merely assisted in the size control of SOM aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinfeng Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Bryant K, Hammond-Pereira E, Saunders SR. Ionic Liquid Aggregation Mechanism for Nanoparticle Synthesis. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:253-263. [PMID: 33378194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle synthesis with silylamine reversible ionic liquids (RevILs) has been previously demonstrated to offer unique alternatives to traditional nanoparticle syntheses, allowing for size control and facile deposition onto support surfaces via the switchable nature of the IL. However, the mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis remains uncharacterized. The use of RevILs facilitates the synthesis of size-controlled nanoparticles without the use of additional stabilizing agents (i.e., surfactants, ligands, and polymers) that passivate the nanoparticle surface, which are traditionally required to control the nanoparticle size. Traditional techniques often require harsh activation steps that ultimately impact nanoparticle size and morphology. While RevIL syntheses offer an excellent alternative, as they do not require additional activation steps, the mechanism through which nanoparticles are synthesized in these systems has not been studied previously. Preceding work hypothesized nanoparticles prepared with RevILs are formed via a reverse micelle mechanism, in which nanoparticles are stabilized and templated within the aqueous core of the organized micelle structures. In this work, DOSY-NMR is used to demonstrate that nanoparticles synthesized with 3-aminopropyltriethylsilane RevIL are not formed through a reverse micelle mechanism but rather a switchable aggregation mechanism that affords control over the nanoparticle size via manipulation of the RevIL structure and concentration. Furthermore, it is shown that the addition of water to RevIL systems has detrimental effects on the aggregation behavior of the ionic liquid molecules in solution, causing disassembly of the ion pairs. However, because nanoparticle reduction likely occurs faster than the disassembly of the ion pairs, nanoparticle size is unaffected by the addition of water during nanoparticle reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bryant
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ellis Hammond-Pereira
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Zhang Z, Tu Y, Yu H, Liu W, Zhou Z, Ren Z. Preparation and Application of CO 2-Triggered Switchable Solvents in Separation of Toluene/ n-Heptane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:510-519. [PMID: 31859512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extraction is a common approach to separating aromatics and alkanes, but solvent recovery remains an issue. The polarity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, and other properties of switchable solvents can be reversibly changed in the presence of various triggers, and taking advantage of this property can greatly simplify the process of solvent recovery. In this work, quaternation and anion exchange were used to prepare several switchable solvents by introducing OH- ions to derivatives of the amidine compound 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). The resulting compounds exhibited reversible switching in response to exposure to CO2. Using toluene/n-heptane as a model hydrocarbon mixture, a reversible phase change extraction process was established. Among the four switchable solvents prepared, [C2DBU]OH showed the highest selectivity value and so was used to investigate the effect of various parameters on hydrocarbon separation. The extraction process was found to rapidly reach equilibrium when a two-phase system was generated by bubbling CO2 through the extraction mixture. Increasing the proportion of the solvent increased the selectivity for toluene, while a 1:1 ratio between the solvent and the toluene/n-heptane mixture enhanced the extraction. Increasing the initial toluene concentration reduced the selectivity for toluene, with a value of 5.97 at a toluene concentration of 20%. The switchable solvent recovered its initial state when heated at 60 °C for 1 h. Upon being reused after removal of CO2, the solvent exhibited poor separation characteristics, although the selectivity coefficient remained constant at approximately 3.1 during 10 regenerations. Finally, the mechanism of the switchable solvent effect and modeling of experimental data were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , No. 15, North Third Ring Road East , Beijing 100029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Tu
- College of Chemical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , No. 15, North Third Ring Road East , Beijing 100029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , No. 15, North Third Ring Road East , Beijing 100029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , No. 15, North Third Ring Road East , Beijing 100029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , No. 15, North Third Ring Road East , Beijing 100029 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqi Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , No. 15, North Third Ring Road East , Beijing 100029 , People's Republic of China
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7
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Hammond-Pereira E, Bryant K, Graham TR, Yang C, Mergelsberg S, Wu D, Saunders SR. Mesoporous silica-encapsulated gold core–shell nanoparticles for active solvent-free benzyl alcohol oxidation. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silica-encapsulated gold core@shell nanoparticles (Au@SiO2 CSNPs) were synthesized via a tunable bottom-up procedure to catalyze the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Hammond-Pereira
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Kristin Bryant
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Trent R. Graham
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
| | - Chen Yang
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics
| | | | - Di Wu
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics
| | - Steven R. Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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8
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Zheng J, Yu XY, Nguyen MT, Lao D, Zhu Y, Wang F, Heldebrant DJ. Assessing the impacts of dynamic soft-templates innate to switchable ionic liquids on nanoparticulate green rust crystalline structures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11239-11242. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04581c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This experimental and theoretical study investigates how dynamic solvation environments in switchable ionic liquids regulate the composition of nanoparticulate green rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - David Lao
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Yifeng Zhu
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
| | - David J. Heldebrant
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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Yang J, Li J, Dong H. CO
2
‐responsive polymer surfactant formed by noncovalent binding between dimethyl‐dodecylamine and alginate. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Hongbiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou China
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