1
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Sun X, Cui Q, Dong W, Duan Q, Fei T. Anthracene and tetraphenylsilane based conjugated porous polymer nanoparticles for sensitive detection of nitroaromatics in water. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123667. [PMID: 38000326 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) are a kind of promising sensing materials for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds, but their sensing applications in aqueous media are limited because of their poor dispersity or solubility in water. In this study, we prepared anthracene and tetraphenylsilane based CPPs named PSiAn by conventional Suzuki coupling and Suzuki-miniemulsion polymerization, respectively. The structure, morphology and porosity of the CPPs were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and N2 sorption isotherm, respectively. Both of the CPPs have porous structure which is beneficial for the adsorption and diffusion of the analytes within them. The particle size of PSiAn nanoparticles prepared by Suzuki-miniemulsion polymerization is 10-40 nm from the TEM image, which facilitates the dispersion in the aqueous phase. Combined with the porosity and nanoparticle morphology, PSiAn nanoparticles realized the efficient photoluminescence (PL) sensing of nitroaromatic explosives in aqueous phase. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of PSiAn nanoparticles for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) detection in the pure aqueous phase are 0.33 μM and 1.11 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, the good selectivity and anti-interference in presence of other nitro-compounds were observed. Furthermore, the spike/recovery test for the TNP detection in real water samples by PL sensing based on PSiAn nanoparticles indicates the quantitative recovery of TNP from 100.74 % to 101.00 %. The electrochemical test, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra, excitation and emission spectra, and time-resolved PL spectra were investigated to explore the PL sensing mechanism. As a result, it is found that the fluorescence inner filter effect might be the predominant quenching mechanism during the detection of nitrophenolic compounds such as TNP and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Qihao Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Wenyue Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China; Chongqing Research Institute, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401135, PR China.
| | - Qian Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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2
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Shi K, Li Z, Anstine DM, Tang D, Colina CM, Sholl DS, Siepmann JI, Snurr RQ. Two-Dimensional Energy Histograms as Features for Machine Learning to Predict Adsorption in Diverse Nanoporous Materials. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:4568-4583. [PMID: 36735251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle for machine learning (ML) in chemical science is the lack of physically informed feature representations that provide both accurate prediction and easy interpretability of the ML model. In this work, we describe adsorption systems using novel two-dimensional energy histogram (2D-EH) features, which are obtained from the probe-adsorbent energies and energy gradients at grid points located throughout the adsorbent. The 2D-EH features encode both energetic and structural information of the material and lead to highly accurate ML models (coefficient of determination R2 ∼ 0.94-0.99) for predicting single-component adsorption capacity in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). We consider the adsorption of spherical molecules (Kr and Xe), linear alkanes with a wide range of aspect ratios (ethane, propane, n-butane, and n-hexane), and a branched alkane (2,2-dimethylbutane) over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The interpretable 2D-EH features enable the ML model to learn the basic physics of adsorption in pores from the training data. We show that these MOF-data-trained ML models are transferrable to different families of amorphous nanoporous materials. We also identify several adsorption systems where capillary condensation occurs, and ML predictions are more challenging. Nevertheless, our 2D-EH features still outperform structural features including those derived from persistent homology. The novel 2D-EH features may help accelerate the discovery and design of advanced nanoporous materials using ML for gas storage and separation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihang Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Dylan M Anstine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Dai Tang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Coray M Colina
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - David S Sholl
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- Transformational Decarbonization Initiative, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - J Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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3
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Kammakakam I, O’Harra KE, Bara JE, Jackson EM. Spirobisindane-Containing Imidazolium Polyimide Ionene: Structural Design and Gas Separation Performance of “Ionic PIMs”. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathryn E. O’Harra
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Jason E. Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Enrique M. Jackson
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, United States
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4
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Bandehali S, Ebadi Amooghin A, Sanaeepur H, Ahmadi R, Fuoco A, Jansen JC, Shirazian S. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity and thermally rearranged polymer membranes for highly efficient gas separation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Sattari A, Ramazani A, Aghahosseini H, Aroua MK. The application of polymer containing materials in CO2 capturing via absorption and adsorption methods. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Song C, Hu F, Meng Z, Li S, Zhang T, Shao W, Liu S, Jian X. A modelling algorithm for amorphous covalent triazine-based polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23474-23481. [PMID: 33111732 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rational and purposeful designs of amorphous materials with desirable structures are difficult to implement due to the complex and unordered nature of such materials. In this work, a modelling algorithm was proposed for amorphous covalent triazine-based polymers to construct atomistic representative models that can reproduce the experimentally measured properties of experimental samples. The constructed models were examined through comparisons of simulated and experimental properties, such as surface area, pore volume, and structure factor, and further validated by the good consistency observed among these properties. To assess the predictive capability of the modelling algorithm, we used a new covalent triazine-based polymer and predicted its porosity by constructing a simulated model. The predicted results on the surface area and pore volume of the simulated model were quantitatively consistent with the experimental data derived from the experimentally synthesized sample. This consistency reveals the predictive capacity of the proposed modelling algorithm. The algorithm could be a promising approach to predict and develop advanced covalent triazine-based polymers for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Song
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China. and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Province Engineering Research Centre of High Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhaoliang Meng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Shengming Li
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Wenlong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Province Engineering Research Centre of High Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xigao Jian
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China. and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Province Engineering Research Centre of High Performance Resins, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China and School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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7
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Song C, Hu F, Meng Z, Li S, Shao W, Zhang T, Liu S, Jian X. Atomistic structure generation of covalent triazine-based polymers by molecular simulation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4258-4263. [PMID: 35495224 PMCID: PMC9049061 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra11035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of amorphous materials are generally difficult to characterize and comprehend due to their unordered nature and indirect measurement techniques. However, molecular simulation has been considered as an alternative method that can provide molecular-level information supplementary to experimental techniques. In this work, a new approach for modelling the atomistic structures of amorphous covalent triazine-based polymers is proposed and employed on two experimentally synthesized covalent triazine-based polymers. To examine the proposed modelling approach, the properties of the established models, such as surface areas, pore volumes, structure factors and N2 adsorption isotherms, were calculated and compared with the experimental data. Excellent consistencies were observed between the simulated models and experimental samples, consequently validating the proposed models and the modelling approach. Moreover, the proposed modelling approach can be applied to new covalent triazine-based polymers for predictive purposes and to provide design strategies for future synthesis works. A well-established modelling approach to construct and predict the structures of amorphous covalent triazine-based polymers is proposed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Song
- School of Mathematical Sciences
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Zhaoliang Meng
- School of Mathematical Sciences
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Shengming Li
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Wenlong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Liaoning Province Engineering Research Centre of High Performance Resins
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Siyang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Xigao Jian
- School of Mathematical Sciences
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
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8
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Hossein-Babaei F, Zare AH, Gharesi M. Quantitative Assessment of Vapor Molecule Adsorption to Solid Surfaces by Flow Rate Monitoring in Microfluidic Channels. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12827-12834. [PMID: 31538476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Measuring parameters related to gas adsorption on the effective surfaces of solid samples is important in catalyst studies. Further attention on the subject has appeared due to the materials and methods required to concentrate the gaseous biomarkers for detection. The conventional methods are mainly based on the volumetric and gravimetric analyses, which are applicable to bulk samples. No standard method has yet been provided for such measurements on thin films, which are the most commonly used samples for material screening. Here, a novel method is presented for the adsorption coefficient measurement on thin-film samples. This method comprises coating of the inner walls of a microfluidic channel with the thin film under test. The recorded diffusion rates for a trace gas along this microchannel are compared with the solutions of the adsorption-diffusion equation of the channel for determining the adsorption coefficient of the gas molecule to the inner walls of the channel. The high ratio of surface-to-volume in such channels magnifies the gas sorption effects and improves accuracy. The method is fast, versatile, and cost-effective, allowing measurements at different temperatures and atmospheric pressures. The adsorption coefficients of different isomers of butanol on poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets, zinc oxide thick films, and gold thin films are determined as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Hossein-Babaei
- Electronic Materials Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department , K. N. Toosi University of Technology , Tehran , 16317-14191 , Iran
| | - Ali Hooshyar Zare
- Electronic Materials Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department , K. N. Toosi University of Technology , Tehran , 16317-14191 , Iran
| | - Mohsen Gharesi
- Electronic Materials Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department , K. N. Toosi University of Technology , Tehran , 16317-14191 , Iran
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9
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Krishnan S, Suneesh CV. Fluorene – Triazine conjugated porous organic polymer framework for superamplified sensing of nitroaromatic explosives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Abedini A, Crabtree E, Bara JE, Turner CH. Molecular analysis of selective gas adsorption within composites of ionic polyimides and ionic liquids as gas separation membranes. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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He H, Tang H, Chen X, Hou X, Zhou X, Chen H, Wu S, Wang S. Structure Design of Low-Temperature Regenerative Hyperbranched Polyamine Adsorbent for CO 2 Capture. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14169-14179. [PMID: 30395474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel low-temperature regenerative hydroxy-functionalized hyperbranched polyamine adsorbent (0.16OH-HBPA) for CO2 capture was readily prepared using glutaraldehyde to cross-link amino-terminated hyperbranched polymers (HBP) and functionalized with glycidol, followed by the reduction of the imino groups of 0.16OH-HBPA to alkyl aminos using NaBH4. Here, the HBP has been prepared through the one-pot reaction between pentaethylenehexamine and methyl acrylate. The as-prepared 0.16OH-HBPA adsorbent showed a high adsorption capacity (4.05 mmol/g) for CO2 (concentration, 10%) in the presence of water at 25 °C, and the alkyl amino utilization efficiency reached 73%. More importantly, the CO2-adsorbed 0.16OH-HBPA showed excellent regenerative performance at low temperatures (85 °C, under pure CO2 gas) due to the introduced hydroxyl that can cooperatively adsorb CO2 via the amino groups to form stable carbamic acid. This process suppressed the formation of open-chain urea and cyclic urea and could overcome the disadvantages of high regeneration temperatures (≥90 °C, under pure inert gas) of CO2-adsorbed traditional solid amine adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
| | - Hanying Tang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
| | - Xingjuan Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
| | - Xudong Hou
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaochong Zhou
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
| | - Shanyan Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control , Nanning 530004 , P. R. China
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12
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Kupgan G, Demidov AG, Colina CM. Plasticization behavior in polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1): A simulation study from combined Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Cavalcanti LP, Kalantzopoulos GN, Eckert J, Knudsen KD, Fossum JO. A nano-silicate material with exceptional capacity for CO 2 capture and storage at room temperature. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11827. [PMID: 30087394 PMCID: PMC6081458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to mitigate climate change driven by the observed high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, many micro and nano-porous materials are being investigated for CO2 selectivity, capture and storage (CCS) purposes, including zeolites, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), functionalized polymers, activated carbons and nano-silicate clay minerals. Key properties include availability, non-toxicity, low cost, stability, energy of adsorption/desorption, sorbent regeneration, sorption kinetics and CO2 storage capacity. Here, we address the crucial point of the volumetric capture and storage capacity for CO2 in a low cost material which is natural, non-toxic, and stable. We show that the nano-silicate Nickel Fluorohectorite is able to capture 0.79 metric tons of CO2 per m3 of host material - one of the highest capacities ever achieved - and we compare volumetric and gravimetric capacity of the best CO2 sorbent materials reported to date. Our results suggest that the high capture capacity of this fluorohectorite clay is strongly coupled to the type and valence of the interlayer cation (here Ni2+) and the high charge density, which is almost twice that of montmorillonite, resulting in the highest reported CO2 uptake among clay minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios N Kalantzopoulos
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kenneth D Knudsen
- Institute for Energy Technology (IFE), Kjeller, Norway.,Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jon Otto Fossum
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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14
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Kupgan G, Abbott LJ, Hart KE, Colina CM. Modeling Amorphous Microporous Polymers for CO2 Capture and Separations. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5488-5538. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grit Kupgan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Lauren J. Abbott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kyle E. Hart
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Coray M. Colina
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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