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Kolay J, Zhang P, Zhou X, Wan Z, Chieng A, Wang S. Ligand Binding-Induced Cellular Membrane Deformation is Correlated with the Changes in Membrane Stiffness. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9943-9953. [PMID: 37963180 PMCID: PMC10763494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Study interaction between ligands and protein receptors is a key step for biomarker research and drug discovery. In situ measurement of cell surface membrane protein binding on whole cells eliminates the cost and pitfalls associated with membrane protein purification. Ligand binding to membrane protein was recently found to induce nanometer-scale cell membrane deformations, which can be monitored with real-time optical imaging to quantify ligand/protein binding kinetics. However, the insight into this phenomenon has still not been fully understood. We hypothesize that ligand binding can change membrane stiffness, which induces membrane deformation. To investigate this, cell height and membrane stiffness changes upon ligand binding are measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is used as a model ligand that binds to the cell surface glycoprotein. The changes in cell membrane stiffness and cell height upon ligand bindings are determined for three different cell lines (human A431, HeLa, and rat RBL-2H3) on two different substrates. AFM results show that cells become stiffer with increased height after WGA modification for all cases studied. The increase in cell membrane stiffness is further confirmed by plasmonic scattering microscopy, which shows an increased cell spring constant upon WGA binding. Therefore, this study provides direct experimental evidence that the membrane stiffness changes are directly correlated with ligand binding-induced cell membrane deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Kolay
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Zijian Wan
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Electrical, Energy and Computer Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Andy Chieng
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Labra-Muñoz JA, de Reuver A, Koeleman F, Huber M, van der Zant HSJ. Ferritin-Based Single-Electron Devices. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050705. [PMID: 35625632 PMCID: PMC9138424 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of single-electron devices based on horse-spleen ferritin particles. At low temperatures the current vs. voltage characteristics are stable, enabling the acquisition of reproducible data that establishes the Coulomb blockade as the main transport mechanism through them. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and the Coulomb blockade theory is demonstrated. Single-electron charge transport in ferritin, thus, establishes a route for further characterization of their, e.g., magnetic, properties down to the single-particle level, with prospects for electronic and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Labra-Muñoz
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Orentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands; (A.d.R.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.L.-M.); (H.S.J.v.d.Z.)
| | - Arie de Reuver
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Orentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands; (A.d.R.); (F.K.)
| | - Friso Koeleman
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Orentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands; (A.d.R.); (F.K.)
| | - Martina Huber
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Orentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands; (A.d.R.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.L.-M.); (H.S.J.v.d.Z.)
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Rourk C, Huang Y, Chen M, Shen C. Indication of Strongly Correlated Electron Transport and Mott Insulator in Disordered Multilayer Ferritin Structures (DMFS). MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164527. [PMID: 34443050 PMCID: PMC8399281 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electron tunneling in ferritin and between ferritin cores (a transition metal (iron) oxide storage protein) in disordered arrays has been extensively documented, but the electrical behavior of those structures in circuits with more than two electrodes has not been studied. Tests of devices using a layer-by-layer deposition process for forming multilayer arrays of ferritin that have been previously reported indicate that strongly correlated electron transport is occurring, consistent with models of electron transport in quantum dots. Strongly correlated electrons (electrons that engage in strong electron-electron interactions) have been observed in transition metal oxides and quantum dots and can create unusual material behavior that is difficult to model, such as switching between a low resistance metal state and a high resistance Mott insulator state. This paper reports the results of the effect of various degrees of structural homogeneity on the electrical characteristics of these ferritin arrays. These results demonstrate for the first time that these structures can provide a switching function associated with the circuit that they are contained within, consistent with the observed behavior of strongly correlated electrons and Mott insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Rourk
- Independent Researcher, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Yunbo Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo 315201, China; (Y.H.); (M.C.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minjing Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo 315201, China; (Y.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Cai Shen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo 315201, China; (Y.H.); (M.C.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (C.S.)
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How stable are the collagen and ferritin proteins for application in bioelectronics? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246180. [PMID: 33513177 PMCID: PMC7845979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One major obstacle in development of biomolecular electronics is the loss of function of biomolecules upon their surface-integration and storage. Although a number of reports on solid-state electron transport capacity of proteins have been made, no study on whether their functional integrity is preserved upon surface-confinement and storage over a long period of time (few months) has been reported. We have investigated two specific cases—collagen and ferritin proteins, since these proteins exhibit considerable potential as bioelectronic materials as we reported earlier. Since one of the major factors for protein degradation is the proteolytic action of protease, such studies were made under the action of protease, which was either added deliberately or perceived to have entered in the reaction vial from ambient environment. Since no significant change in the structural characteristics of these proteins took place, as observed in the circular dichroism and UV-visible spectrophotometry experiments, and the electron transport capacity was largely retained even upon direct protease exposure as revealed from the current sensing atomic force spectroscopy experiments, we propose that stable films can be formed using the collagen and ferritin proteins. The observed protease-resistance and robust nature of these two proteins support their potential application in bioelectronics.
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Derr JB, Tamayo J, Clark JA, Morales M, Mayther MF, Espinoza EM, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Vullev VI. Multifaceted aspects of charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21583-21629. [PMID: 32785306 PMCID: PMC7544685 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer and charge transport are by far among the most important processes for sustaining life on Earth and for making our modern ways of living possible. Involving multiple electron-transfer steps, photosynthesis and cellular respiration have been principally responsible for managing the energy flow in the biosphere of our planet since the Great Oxygen Event. It is impossible to imagine living organisms without charge transport mediated by ion channels, or electron and proton transfer mediated by redox enzymes. Concurrently, transfer and transport of electrons and holes drive the functionalities of electronic and photonic devices that are intricate for our lives. While fueling advances in engineering, charge-transfer science has established itself as an important independent field, originating from physical chemistry and chemical physics, focusing on paradigms from biology, and gaining momentum from solar-energy research. Here, we review the fundamental concepts of charge transfer, and outline its core role in a broad range of unrelated fields, such as medicine, environmental science, catalysis, electronics and photonics. The ubiquitous nature of dipoles, for example, sets demands on deepening the understanding of how localized electric fields affect charge transfer. Charge-transfer electrets, thus, prove important for advancing the field and for interfacing fundamental science with engineering. Synergy between the vastly different aspects of charge-transfer science sets the stage for the broad global impacts that the advances in this field have.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Kolay J, Bera S, Mukhopadhyay R. Electron Transport in Muscle Protein Collagen. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11950-11957. [PMID: 31404493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, collagen, which is one of the most abundant proteins in animals, has appeared to be an attractive candidate for biomaterial applications, for example, in medical implants and wearable electronics. This is because collagen is water-insoluble, biocompatible, and nontoxic. In addition, films of different sizes and shapes can be made using this protein as it is malleable and elastic in nature. However, its electron transport capacity or its absence has remained largely untested so far. Therefore, in this work, the electron transport behavior of collagen has been studied in both film and single-fiber states in a local probe configuration using current-sensing atomic force spectroscopy (CSAFS). From the CSAFS analyses, the electronic (transport) band gap of collagen has been estimated. It has been found that collagen behaves as a wide band gap semiconductor (near-insulating) in a variety of experimental conditions. The transition to a semiconducting material with a low electronic band gap and a nearly 1000-fold enhancement of current (picoampere to nanoampere level) occurs by metal ion treatment (here, Fe3+) of the native collagen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a molecular level study of the electron transport behavior of collagen proteins and estimation of transport band gap values of collagen and metalated collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Kolay
- School of Biological Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Sudipta Bera
- School of Biological Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Rupa Mukhopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
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