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Lee JH, Kim DH, Kang MS. Surface-Modified Pore-Filled Anion-Exchange Membranes for Efficient Energy Harvesting via Reverse Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:894. [PMID: 38132899 PMCID: PMC10744693 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13120894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, novel pore-filled anion-exchange membranes (PFAEMs) modified with polypyrrole (PPy) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were developed to improve the energy harvesting performance of reverse electrodialysis (RED). The surface-modified PFAEMs were fabricated by varying the contents of PPy and rGO through simple spin coating and chemical/thermal treatments. It was confirmed that the PPy and PPy/rGO layers introduced on the membrane surface did not significantly increase the electrical resistance of the membrane and could effectively control surface characteristics, such as structural tightness, hydrophilicity, and electrostatic repulsion. The PPy/rGO-modified PFAEM showed excellent monovalent ion selectivity, more than four times higher than that of the commercial membrane (AMX, Astom Corp., Tokyo, Japan). This means that the PPy/rGO layer can effectively reduce the permeation of multivalent ions with a high charge intensity and a relatively large hydration radius compared to monovalent ions. The results of evaluating the performance of the surface-modified PFAEMs by applying them to a RED cell revealed that the decrease in potential difference occurring in the membrane was reduced by effectively suppressing the uphill transport of multivalent ions. Consequently, the PPy/rGO-modified membrane exhibited a 5.43% higher power density than the AMX membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moon-Sung Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (D.-H.K.)
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2
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Rastgar M, Moradi K, Burroughs C, Hemmati A, Hoek E, Sadrzadeh M. Harvesting Blue Energy Based on Salinity and Temperature Gradient: Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10156-10205. [PMID: 37523591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with power generation from fossil fuel combustion account for 25% of global emissions and, thus, contribute greatly to climate change. Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar, have reached a mature stage, with costs aligning with those of fossil fuel-derived power but suffer from the challenge of intermittency due to the variability of wind and sunlight. This study aims to explore the viability of salinity gradient power, or "blue energy", as a clean, renewable source of uninterrupted, base-load power generation. Harnessing the salinity gradient energy from river estuaries worldwide could meet a substantial portion of the global electricity demand (approximately 7%). Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are more prominent technologies for blue energy harvesting, whereas thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC) is emerging with new promise. This review scrutinizes the obstacles encountered in developing osmotic power generation using membrane-based methods and presents potential solutions to overcome challenges in practical applications. While certain strategies have shown promise in addressing some of these obstacles, further research is still required to enhance the energy efficiency and feasibility of membrane-based processes, enabling their large-scale implementation in osmotic energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Rastgar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kazem Moradi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Cassie Burroughs
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 12-263 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Arman Hemmati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Eric Hoek
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095-1593, United States
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohtada Sadrzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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3
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Eti M, Cihanoğlu A, Güler E, Gomez-Coma L, Altıok E, Arda M, Ortiz I, Kabay N. Further Development of Polyepichlorohydrin Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Reverse Electrodialysis by Tuning Cast Solution Properties. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12121192. [PMID: 36557099 PMCID: PMC9786065 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there have been several studies done regarding anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on polyepichlorohydrin (PECH), an attractive polymer enabling safe membrane fabrication due to its inherent chloromethyl groups. However, there are still undiscovered properties of these membranes emerging from different compositions of cast solutions. Thus, it is vital to explore new membrane properties for sustainable energy generation by reverse electrodialysis (RED). In this study, the cast solution composition was easily tuned by varying the ratio of active polymer (i.e., blend ratio) and quaternary agent (i.e., excess diamine ratio) in the range of 1.07-2.00, and 1.00-4.00, respectively. The membrane synthesized with excess diamine ratio of 4.00 and blend ratio of 1.07 provided the best results in terms of ion exchange capacity, 3.47 mmol/g, with satisfactory conductive properties (area resistance: 2.4 Ω·cm2, electrical conductivity: 6.44 mS/cm) and high hydrophilicity. RED tests were performed by AEMs coupled with the commercially available Neosepta CMX cation exchange membrane (CEMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Eti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aydın Cihanoğlu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Enver Güler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Atılım University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lucia Gomez-Coma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Esra Altıok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Müşerref Arda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Nalan Kabay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
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4
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Facile fabrication of carbon nanotube embedded pore filling ion exchange membrane with high ion exchange capacity and permselectivity for high-performance reverse electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Zimmermann P, Solberg SBB, Tekinalp Ö, Lamb JJ, Wilhelmsen Ø, Deng L, Burheim OS. Heat to Hydrogen by RED-Reviewing Membranes and Salts for the RED Heat Engine Concept. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 35054575 PMCID: PMC8779139 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) combines a reverse electrodialysis stack for power generation with a thermal regeneration unit to restore the concentration difference of the salt solutions. Current approaches for converting low-temperature waste heat to electricity with REDHE have not yielded conversion efficiencies and profits that would allow for the industrialization of the technology. This review explores the concept of Heat-to-Hydrogen with REDHEs and maps crucial developments toward industrialization. We discuss current advances in membrane development that are vital for the breakthrough of the RED Heat Engine. In addition, the choice of salt is a crucial factor that has not received enough attention in the field. Based on ion properties relevant for both the transport through IEMs and the feasibility for regeneration, we pinpoint the most promising salts for use in REDHE, which we find to be KNO3, LiNO3, LiBr and LiCl. To further validate these results and compare the system performance with different salts, there is a demand for a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the REDHE that considers all its units. Guided by such a model, experimental studies can be designed to utilize the most favorable process conditions (e.g., salt solutions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zimmermann
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Simon Birger Byremo Solberg
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Önder Tekinalp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Jacob Joseph Lamb
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Øivind Wilhelmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Liyuan Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Odne Stokke Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
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6
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Kim H, Choi J, Jeong N, Jung YG, Kim H, Kim D, Yang S. Correlations between Properties of Pore-Filling Ion Exchange Membranes and Performance of a Reverse Electrodialysis Stack for High Power Density. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:609. [PMID: 34436372 PMCID: PMC8400206 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reverse electrodialysis (RED) stack-harnessing salinity gradient power mainly consists of ion exchange membranes (IEMs). Among the various types of IEMs used in RED stacks, pore-filling ion exchange membranes (PIEMs) have been considered promising IEMs to improve the power density of RED stacks. The compositions of PIEMs affect the electrical resistance and permselectivity of PIEMs; however, their effect on the performance of large RED stacks have not yet been considered. In this study, PIEMs of various compositions with respect to the RED stack were adopted to evaluate the performance of the RED stack according to stack size (electrode area: 5 × 5 cm2 vs. 15 × 15 cm2). By increasing the stack size, the gross power per membrane area decreased despite the increase in gross power on a single RED stack. The electrical resistance of the PIEMs was the most important factor for enhancing the power production of the RED stack. Moreover, power production was less sensitive to permselectivities over 90%. By increasing the RED stack size, the contributions of non-ohmic resistances were significantly increased. Thus, we determined that reducing the salinity gradients across PIEMs by ion transport increased the non-ohmic resistance of large RED stacks. These results will aid in designing pilot-scale RED stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanki Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-si 63357, Korea; (H.K.); (J.C.); (N.J.)
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-si 63357, Korea; (H.K.); (J.C.); (N.J.)
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-si 63357, Korea; (H.K.); (J.C.); (N.J.)
| | - Yeon-Gil Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea; (Y.-G.J.); (H.K.); (D.K.)
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea
| | - Haeun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea; (Y.-G.J.); (H.K.); (D.K.)
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea; (Y.-G.J.); (H.K.); (D.K.)
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea
| | - SeungCheol Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea; (Y.-G.J.); (H.K.); (D.K.)
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea
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7
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Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis System for Salinity Gradient Energy Generation by Using a Commercial Ion Exchange Membrane Pair with Homogeneous Bulk Structure. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13060814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salinity gradient energy is a prominent alternative and maintainable energy source, which has considerable potential. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the most widely studied methods to extract this energy. Despite the considerable progress in research, optimization of RED process is still ongoing. In this study, effects of the number of membrane pairs, ratio of salinity gradient and feed velocity on power generation via the reverse electrodialysis (RED) system were investigated by using Fujifilm cation exchange membrane (CEM Type 2) and FujiFilm anion exchange membrane (AEM Type 2) ion exchange membranes. In the literature, there is no previous study based on a RED system equipped with Fujifilm AEM Type II and CEM Type II membranes that have homogeneous bulk structure. Using 400 µm of intermembrane distance, maximum obtainable power density by 5 pairs of Fujifilm membranes at 1:45 salinity ratio and with a linear flow rate of 0.833 cm/s was 0.426 W/m2.
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8
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Choi J, Kim WS, Kim HK, Yang S, Jeong NJ. Ultra-thin pore-filling membranes with mirror-image wave patterns for improved power density and reduced pressure drops in stacks of reverse electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Alabi A, Cseri L, Al Hajaj A, Szekely G, Budd P, Zou L. Electrostatically-coupled graphene oxide nanocomposite cation exchange membrane. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Kim H, Jeong N, Yang S, Choi J, Lee MS, Nam JY, Jwa E, Kim B, Ryu KS, Choi YW. Nernst-Planck analysis of reverse-electrodialysis with the thin-composite pore-filling membranes and its upscaling potential. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:114970. [PMID: 31426007 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To properly design reverse electrodialysis (RED) stacks, modeling of ion transport and prediction of power generation on the single RED stack are very important. Currently, the Nernst-Planck equation is widely adopted to simulate ion transport through IEMs. However, applying typical Nernst-Planck equation is not proper to analyze ion transport through the heterogeneous thin-composite pore-filling membrane because of the non-conductive site in the membrane matrix. Herein, we firstly introduced modified Nernst-Planck equation by addressing conductive traveling length (CTL) to simulate the ion transport through the thin-composite pore-filling membranes and the performance of a single RED stack with the same membranes. Also, 100 cell-pairs of RED stacks were assembled to validate modified Nernst-Planck equation according to the flow rate and membrane types. Under the OCV condition, the conductivity of the effluents was measured to validate the modified Nernst-Planck equation, and differences between modeling and experiments were less than 1.5 mS/cm. Theoretical OCV and current density were estimated by using modified Nernst-Planck equation. In particular, hydrophobicity on the surface of the heterogeneous membrane was considered to describe ion transport through the pore-filling membranes. Moreover, power generation from RED stacks was calculated according to the flow rate and the number of cell pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanki Kim
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea.
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - SeungCheol Yang
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Mi-Soon Lee
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center for Industry, Academy, and Laboratories, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 20-41, Sinjaesaengeneoji-ro, Haseo-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 56332, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Nam
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Jwa
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Byungki Kim
- System Convergence Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Ryu
- System Convergence Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Young-Woo Choi
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center for Industry, Academy, and Laboratories, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 20-41, Sinjaesaengeneoji-ro, Haseo-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 56332, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yaroshchuk A, Bondarenko M, Tang C, Bruening ML. A Limiting Case of Constant Counterion Electrochemical Potentials in the Membrane for Examining Ion Transfer at Ion-Exchange Membranes and Patches. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13243-13256. [PMID: 31509705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion passage through ion-exchange membranes is vital in electrodialysis desalination, batteries and fuel cells, and water splitting. Simplified models of ion transport through such membranes frequently assume complete exclusion of co-ions (ions with the same sign of charge as the fixed charge in the membrane) from the membrane. However, a second assumption of constant counterion electrochemical potentials across the membrane leads to simple analytical expressions for ion fluxes and transmembrane potentials. Moreover, linear corrections to account for a small membrane electrical resistance yield analytical expressions with a wider applicability. For bi-ionic potential measurements and current-induced concentration polarization at low salt concentrations, these analytical solutions match the fluxes and potentials obtained numerically without the limiting assumptions. This gives confidence in both the limiting assumptions (under appropriate conditions) and the numerical solutions. At low ion concentrations, the analytical solutions may enable rapid characterization of membrane coatings or boundary layers in solution, and such boundary layers are important in many applications of ion-exchange membranes. In fact, the assumption of complete co-ion exclusion is sometimes more limiting than the constraint of constant electrochemical potentials of counterions across the membrane. Remarkably, this limiting case readily yields the ion accumulation and depletion regions above "ion-exchange patches" that reside beneath a solution with an applied electric field. Such regions are important for sample preconcentration in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Yaroshchuk
- ICREA , pg·L.Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic University of Catalonia , av. Diagonal 647,08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mykola Bondarenko
- Institute of Bio-Colloid Chemistry , National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Vernadskiy ave.42 , 03142 , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Merlin L Bruening
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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13
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Lee YJ, Cha MS, Oh SG, So S, Kim TH, Ryoo WS, Hong YT, Lee JY. Reinforced anion exchange membrane based on thermal cross-linking method with outstanding cell performance for reverse electrodialysis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27500-27509. [PMID: 35529237 PMCID: PMC9070600 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04984c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A poly(ethylene)-reinforced anion exchange membrane based on cross-linked quaternary-aminated polystyrene and quaternary-aminated poly(phenylene oxide) was developed for reverse electrodialysis. Although reverse electrodialysis is a clean and renewable energy generation system, the low power output and high membrane cost are serious obstacles to its commercialization. Herein, to lower the membrane cost, inexpensive polystyrene and poly(phenylene oxide) were used as ionomer backbones. The ionomers were impregnated into a poly(ethylene) matrix supporter and were cross-linked in situ to enhance the mechanical and chemical properties. Pre-treatment of the porous PE matrix membrane with atmospheric plasma increased the compatibility between the ionomer and matrix membrane. The fabricated membranes showed outstanding physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties. The area resistance of the fabricated membranes (0.69–1.67 Ω cm2) was lower than that of AMV (2.58 Ω cm2). Moreover, the transport number of PErC(5)QPS-QPPO was comparable to that of AMV, despite the thinness (51 μm) of the former. The RED stack with the PErC(5)QPS-QPPO membrane provided an excellent maximum power density of 1.82 W m−2 at a flow rate of 100 mL min−1, which is 20.7% higher than that (1.50 W m−2) of the RED stack with the AMV membrane. PErC(5)QPS-QPPO exhibited 20.7% higher MPD than commercial AEM (AMV).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Lee
- Center for Membrane
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suc Cha
- Center for Membrane
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Seong-Geun Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seongdong-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyong So
- Center for Membrane
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Center for Membrane
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Ryoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Hongik University
- Mapo-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Young Taik Hong
- Center for Membrane
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Yong Lee
- Center for Membrane
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
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14
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Seino F, Konosu Y, Ashizawa M, Kakihana Y, Higa M, Matsumoto H. Polyelectrolyte Composite Membranes Containing Electrospun Ion-Exchange Nanofibers: Effect of Nanofiber Surface Charges on Ionic Transport. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13035-13040. [PMID: 30293431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based ion-exchange nanofibers (IEX-NFs) and their composite polyelectrolyte membranes were prepared and characterized. The PVA-based NFs are well dispersed and form a three-dimensional network structure in the polymer matrix, Nafion. All of the prepared membranes show a similar ion-exchange capacity of ∼1.0 mmol g-1. The ionic conductivities through the PVA- b-PSS-NF/Nafion composite membranes are superior to that of the Nafion membranes, but the conductivity through the PVA-NF/Nafion composite membrane is half that of the Nafion membrane. Our electrokinetic measurements clearly indicate that a high density of ion-exchange groups on the NF surface results in a continuous ionic transport path in the polymer matrix. In addition, the mechanical strength of all of the NF-composite membranes is improved compared with that of the membranes without NF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyasu Seino
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Mail Box S8-27, 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Yuichi Konosu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Mail Box S8-27, 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Minoru Ashizawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Mail Box S8-27, 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Yuriko Kakihana
- Division of Applied Fine Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation , Yamaguchi University, and Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST) , 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube , Yamaguchi 755-8611 , Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higa
- Division of Applied Fine Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation , Yamaguchi University, and Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST) , 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube , Yamaguchi 755-8611 , Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Mail Box S8-27, 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
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