1
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Maillot B, Audibert JF, Miomandre F, Brasiliense V. Nanometrology based control: taming radical grafting reactions with attoliter precision. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7594-7602. [PMID: 38506368 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06324k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Precisely controlled micropatterning with organic moieties is a promising route for designing smart surfaces, enabling the development of microsensors and actuators with optimal usage of reactants. Such applications require fine control over the surface modification process, which in turn demands detailed knowledge about the surface modification process. As complex surface kinetics often emerge as a result of even slight modifications of the grafting entity, non-invasive, sensitive and precise closed loop control strategies are highly desirable. In this paper we demonstrate that a nanometrology approach based on quantitative phase imaging (QPI) fulfill all these requirements. We first use the technique to monitor surface photografting kinetics of aryl radicals, comprehensively analyzing the effect of substituents on surface addition reactions. We demonstrate that several aspects of the grafting process are affected in complex ways, rendering open-loop strategies impossible to implement precisely. Then, we show that the operando optical phase signal can be used as a direct feedback, guiding the grafting reaction process. Using relatively simple instrumentation, we demonstrate that general and precise control strategies can be designed and used to control the volume of the grafting material with attoliter precision, in spite of radically different surface modification kinetics spanning several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Maillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Fabien Miomandre
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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2
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Huynh TMT, Tahara K, De Feyter S, Phan TH. On the role of functional groups in the formation of diazonium based covalent attachments: dendritic vs. layer-by-layer growth. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24576-24582. [PMID: 37593664 PMCID: PMC10427895 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilayered growth is often observed upon electrografting aryl diazonium derivatives on graphitic substrates due to the reactive nature of aryl radicals. The mechanism of the multilayer formation has been investigated either by measuring the thickness of the grafted layer, the charge transfer, or via simulations. Spectroscopy and in particular microscopy approaches are underrepresented. Herein, we demonstrate a comparative characterization of the multilayer growth of two diazonium derivatives on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite using a combination of cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. While dendritic growth is observed for 4-nitro phenyl diazonium (4-NBD), 4-carboxy phenyl diazonium (4-CBD) shows layer-by-layer growth upon increasing the molecular concentration, revealing the impact of the functional groups on the growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tamaku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven B-3001 Belgium
| | - Thanh Hai Phan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
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3
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Aoi S, Hirose S, Soeda W, Kaneko H, Mali KS, De Feyter S, Tahara K. Spatially Controlled Aryl Radical Grafting of Graphite Surfaces Guided by Self-Assembled Molecular Networks of Linear Alkane Derivatives: The Importance of Conformational Dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5986-5994. [PMID: 37068184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of carbon surfaces with nanometer-scale precision is of interest because of its potential in a range of applications. We herein report the controlled grafting of graphite surfaces using electrochemically generated aryl radicals templated by self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) of bisalkylurea derivatives. A bisalkylurea derivative having two butoxy units acts as a template for the covalent functionalization of aryl groups in between self-assembled rows of this molecule. In contrast, grafting occurs without a spatial order when an SAMN of bis(tetradecyl)urea was used as a template. This indicates that a degree of dynamics at the alkyl termini is required to favor controlled covalent attachment, a situation that is suppressed by strong intrarow intermolecular interactions resulting from the hydrogen bonding of the urea groups, but favored by terminal short alkoxy groups. The present information is useful for understanding the mechanism of the template-guided aryl radical grafting and the molecular design of new generations of template molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Aoi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shingo Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Wakana Soeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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4
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Li Z, Guo Y, Li K, Wang S, De Bonis E, Cao H, Mertens SF, Teng C. Shape Control of Bimetallic MOF/Graphene Composites for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hashimoto S, Kaneko H, De Feyter S, Tobe Y, Tahara K. Symmetry and spacing controls in periodic covalent functionalization of graphite surfaces templated by self-assembled molecular networks. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12595-12609. [PMID: 35861168 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We herein present the periodic covalent functionalization of graphite surfaces, creating a range of patterns of different symmetries and pitches at the nanoscale. Self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) of rhombic-shaped bis(dehydrobenzo[12]annulene) (bisDBA) derivatives having alkyl chain substituents of different lengths were used as templates for covalent grafting of electrochemically generated aryl radicals. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observations at the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/graphite interface revealed that these molecules form a variety of networks that contain pores of different shapes and sizes. The covalently functionalized surfaces show hexagonal, oblique, and quasi-rectangular periodicities. This is attributed to the favorable aryl radical addition at the pore(s). We also confirmed the successful transmission of chirality information from the SAMNs to the alignment of the grafted aryls. In one case, the addition of a guest molecule was used to switch the SAMN symmetry and periodicity, leading to a change in the functionalized surface periodicity from oblique to hexagonal in the presence of the guest molecule. This contribution highlights the potential of SAMNs as templates for the controlled formation of nanopatterned carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30030, Taiwan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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6
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Xia Y, Sun L, Eyley S, Daelemans B, Thielemans W, Seibel J, De Feyter S. Grafting Ink for Direct Writing: Solvation Activated Covalent Functionalization of Graphene. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105017. [PMID: 35419972 PMCID: PMC9259721 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene (CFG) has shown attractive advantages in tuning the electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of graphene. However, facile, large-scale, controllable, and highly efficient CFG remains challenging and often involves highly reactive and volatile compounds, requiring complex control of the reaction conditions. Here, a diazonium-based grafting ink consisting of only two components, i.e., an aryl diazonium salt and the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is presented. The efficient functionalization is attributed to the combination of the solvation of the diazonium cations by DMSO and n-doping of graphene by DMSO, thereby promoting electron transfer (ET) from graphene to the diazonium cations, resulting in the generation of aryl radicals which subsequently react with the graphene. The grafting density of CFG is controlled by the reaction time and very high levels of functionalization, up to the failing of the Tuinstra-Koenig (T-K) relation, while the functionalization layer remains at monolayer height. The grafting ink, effective for days at room temperature, can be used at ambient conditions and renders the patterning CFG by direct writing as easy as writing on paper. In combination with thermal sample treatment, reversible functionalization is possible by subsequent writing/erasing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSustainable Materials LabKU LeuvenCampus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53Kortrijk8500Belgium
| | - Brent Daelemans
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSustainable Materials LabKU LeuvenCampus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53Kortrijk8500Belgium
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
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7
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Mwanza D, Phal S, Nyokong T, Tesfalidet S, Mashazi P. Electrografting of isophthalic acid monolayer and covalent attachment of antibody onto carbon surfaces: Construction of capacitive biosensor for methotrexate detection. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Brown A, Greenwood J, Lockhart de la Rosa CJ, Rodríguez González MC, Verguts K, Brems S, Zhang H, Hirsch BE, De Gendt S, Delabie A, Caymax M, Teyssandier J, De Feyter S. A chemisorbed interfacial layer for seeding atomic layer deposition on graphite. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12327-12341. [PMID: 34254598 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06959k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The integration of graphene, and more broadly two-dimensional materials, into devices and hybrid materials often requires the deposition of thin films on their usually inert surface. As a result, strategies for the introduction of surface reactive sites have been developed but currently pose a dilemma between robustness and preservation of the graphene properties. A method is reported here for covalently modifying graphitic surfaces, introducing functional groups that act as reactive sites for the growth of high quality dielectric layers. Aryl diazonium species containing tri-methoxy groups are covalently bonded (grafted) to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and graphene, acting as seeding species for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3, a high-κ dielectric material. A smooth and uniform dielectric film growth is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrical measurements. Raman spectroscopy showed that the aryl groups gradually detach from the graphitic surface during the Al2O3 ALD process at 150 °C, with the surface reverting back to the original sp2-hybridized state and without damaging the dielectric layer. Thus, the grafted aryl groups can act as a sacrificial seeding layer after healing the defects of the graphitic surface with annealing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Brown
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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Suni II. Substrate Materials for Biomolecular Immobilization within Electrochemical Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:239. [PMID: 34356710 PMCID: PMC8301891 DOI: 10.3390/bios11070239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have potential applications for agriculture, food safety, environmental monitoring, sports medicine, biomedicine, and other fields. One of the primary challenges in this field is the immobilization of biomolecular probes atop a solid substrate material with adequate stability, storage lifetime, and reproducibility. This review summarizes the current state of the art for covalent bonding of biomolecules onto solid substrate materials. Early research focused on the use of Au electrodes, with immobilization of biomolecules through ω-functionalized Au-thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), but stability is usually inadequate due to the weak Au-S bond strength. Other noble substrates such as C, Pt, and Si have also been studied. While their nobility has the advantage of ensuring biocompatibility, it also has the disadvantage of making them relatively unreactive towards covalent bond formation. With the exception of Sn-doped In2O3 (indium tin oxide, ITO), most metal oxides are not electrically conductive enough for use within electrochemical biosensors. Recent research has focused on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2 and on electrically conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. In addition, the deposition of functionalized thin films from aryldiazonium cations has attracted significant attention as a substrate-independent method for biofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ivar Suni
- Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; ; Tel.: +1-618-453-7822
- School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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10
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Raicopol M, Pilan L. The Role of Aryldiazonium Chemistry in Designing Electrochemical Aptasensors for the Detection of Food Contaminants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143857. [PMID: 34300776 PMCID: PMC8303706 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Food safety monitoring assays based on synthetic recognition structures such as aptamers are receiving considerable attention due to their remarkable advantages in terms of their ability to bind to a wide range of target analytes, strong binding affinity, facile manufacturing, and cost-effectiveness. Although aptasensors for food monitoring are still in the development stage, the use of an electrochemical detection route, combined with the wide range of materials available as transducers and the proper immobilization strategy of the aptamer at the transducer surface, can lead to powerful analytical tools. In such a context, employing aryldiazonium salts for the surface derivatization of transducer electrodes serves as a simple, versatile and robust strategy to fine-tune the interface properties and to facilitate the convenient anchoring and stability of the aptamer. By summarizing the most important results disclosed in the last years, this article provides a comprehensive review that emphasizes the contribution of aryldiazonium chemistry in developing electrochemical aptasensors for food safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matei Raicopol
- Costin Nenitzescu, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Luisa Pilan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-402-3977
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11
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Tobe Y, Tahara K, De Feyter S. Chirality in porous self-assembled monolayer networks at liquid/solid interfaces: induction, reversion, recognition and transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:962-977. [PMID: 33432944 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chirality in two dimensions (2D) has attracted increasing attention with regard to interesting fundamental aspects as well as potential applications. This article reports several aspects of supramolecular chirality control as exemplified by self-assembled monolayer networks (SAMNs) formed by a class of chiral building blocks consisting of a triangular conjugated core and alkoxy chains on the periphery. It highlights 2D chirality induction phenomena through a classic "sergeants-and-soldiers" mechanism, in which the inducer is incorporated into a network component, as well as through a "supramolecular host-guest" mechanism, in which the inducer is entrapped in the porous space, leading to counterintuitive chirality reversal. Stereochemical control can be extended to three dimensions too, based on interlayer hydrogen bonding of the same class of building blocks bearing hydroxy groups, exhibiting diastereospecific bilayer formation at both single molecule level and supramolecular level arising from orientation between the top and bottom layers. Finally, we showcase that homochiral SAMNs can also be used as templates for the grafting of in situ generated aryl radicals, by covalent bond formation to the basal graphitic surface, thereby yielding topologically chiral functionalized graphite, and thus extending the potential of chiral SAMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan and The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan and Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Gillan L, Teerinen T, Johansson LS, Smolander M. Controlled diazonium electrodeposition towards a biosensor for C-reactive protein. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Pilan L. Tailoring the performance of electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials via aryldiazonium electrografting. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107697. [PMID: 33486222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) offer some of the most valuable properties for electrochemical biosensing applications, such as good electrical conductivity, wide electrochemical stability, high specific surface area, and biocompatibility. Regardless the envisioned sensing application, endowing CNs with specific functions through controlled chemical functionalization is fundamental for promoting the specific binding of the analyte. As a versatile and straightforward method of surface functionalization, aryldiazonium chemistry have been successfully used to accommodate in a stable and reproducible way different functionalities, while the electrochemical route has become the favourite choice since the deposition conditions can be readily controlled and adapted to the substrate. In particular, the modification of CNs by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts is established as a powerful tool which allows tailoring the chemical and electronic properties of the sensing platform. By outlining the stimulating results disclosed in the last years, this article provides not only a comprehensively review, but also a rational assessment on contribution of aryldiazonium electrografting in developing CNs-based electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, some of the emerging challenges to be surpassed to effectively implement this methodology for in vivo and point of care analysis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pilan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
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14
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Rodríguez González MC, Brown A, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Self-limiting covalent modification of carbon surfaces: diazonium chemistry with a twist. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18782-18789. [PMID: 32970069 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of carbon surfaces has regained traction in recent years in view of its applicability towards covalent modification of a variety of (2D) materials. A general requisite is the formation of a dense and well-defined monolayer of aryl groups covalently bound to the surface. Given the use of reactive chemistries however, it is often not easy to achieve precise control over the monolayer growth while maintaining high grafting densities. Here we present a straightforward experimental protocol for the fabrication of well-defined covalent monolayers onto the surface of graphite. Using a combination of surface analytical tools, we demonstrate that the ascorbic acid mediated dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts leads to self-limiting growth of monolayers with high grafting densities. The aryl radicals preferentially attach to the basal plane of the substrate and once the surface is covered with a covalent monolayer, the surface reaction does not proceed further to an appreciable extent. The layer thickness of the covalent films was measured using atomic force microscopy whereas the grafting efficiencies were assessed using Raman spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the grafted films was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy whereas scanning tunneling microscopy provided nanometer scale insight into the structure of the covalent films. Mechanistic aspects of the process are also discussed. The self-terminating chemistry described here is a new addition to the synthetic armory for covalent modification of materials and sets a strong foundation for achieving precise nanoscale control over the covalent functionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Rodríguez González
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Xia Y, Martin C, Seibel J, Eyley S, Thielemans W, van der Auweraer M, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Iodide mediated reductive decomposition of diazonium salts: towards mild and efficient covalent functionalization of surface-supported graphene. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11916-11926. [PMID: 32478349 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene is highly sought after, not only in view of the potential applications of the chemically modified material, but also because it brings fundamental insight into the chemistry of graphene. Thus, strategies that yield chemically modified graphene with densely grafted films of aryl groups via simple experimental protocols have been the focus of intense research. Here we report a mild, straightforward and efficient approach to graphene/graphite functionalization using iodide mediated reductive dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts. The experimental protocol employs aqueous solutions of the reagents. The reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature without the need of any environmental or electrochemical control. The covalently modified surfaces were characterized at the nanometer scale using a combination of complementary surface analytical techniques. The degree of covalent functionalization, and the morphology, as well as the thickness of the grafted films were studied at the molecular level using Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, respectively. Furthermore, solution phase UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to understand the mechanistic aspects. This work demonstrates a facile and scalable covalent modification method compatible for both bulk and monolayer functionalization of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Mark van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ambrosio G, Brown A, Daukiya L, Drera G, Di Santo G, Petaccia L, De Feyter S, Sangaletti L, Pagliara S. Impact of covalent functionalization by diazonium chemistry on the electronic properties of graphene on SiC. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9032-9037. [PMID: 32270844 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01186j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plenty of strategies focused on covalent interaction have been developed to functionalize graphene's surface in order to employ it in a wide range of applications. Among them, the use of radical species including nitrene, carbene and aryl diazonium salts is regarded as a promising strategy to establish the covalent functionalization of graphene. In this work, we highlight the effect of diazonium chemistry on the electronic properties of graphene on SiC. On the basis of X-ray and synchrotron-based photoemission experiments, we were able to prove that 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzenediazonium (TMeOD) units, reduced and chemisorbed onto graphene using electrochemistry, preserve the electronic structure of the Dirac cone, through inducing a slightly additional n-type doping of graphene, as revealed by a downshift of the Dirac cone probed by angle-resolved photoemission experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ambrosio
- I-LAMP and Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via dei Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy.
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17
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Tahara K, Kubo Y, Hashimoto S, Ishikawa T, Kaneko H, Brown A, Hirsch BE, Feyter SD, Tobe Y. Porous Self-Assembled Molecular Networks as Templates for Chiral-Position-Controlled Chemical Functionalization of Graphitic Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7699-7708. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Toru Ishikawa
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Anton Brown
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brandon E. Hirsch
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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18
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Interface Chemistry of Graphene/Cu Grafted By 3,4,5-Tri-Methoxyphenyl. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4114. [PMID: 32139839 PMCID: PMC7058071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reaction with diazonium molecules has revealed to be a powerful method for the surface chemical modification of graphite, carbon nanotubes and recently also of graphene. Graphene electronic structure modification using diazonium molecules is strongly influenced by graphene growth and by the supporting materials. Here, carrying on a detailed study of core levels and valence band photoemission measurements, we are able to reconstruct the interface chemistry of trimethoxybenzenediazonium-based molecules electrochemically grafted on graphene on copper. The band energy alignment at the molecule-graphene interface has been traced revealing the energy position of the HOMO band with respect to the Fermi level.
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19
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Hu Y, Bragança AM, Verstraete L, Ivasenko O, Hirsch BE, Tahara K, Tobe Y, De Feyter S. Phase selectivity triggered by nanoconfinement: the impact of corral dimensions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2226-2229. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phase behavior of self-assembled molecular networks is affected by spatial confinement in corrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Ana M. Bragança
- Department of Chemistry
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Lander Verstraete
- Department of Chemistry
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Department of Chemistry
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Brandon E. Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science and Technology
- Meiji University
- Tama-ku
- Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science and Technology
- Meiji University
- Tama-ku
- Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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