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Hastuti FW, Kim MH. Silver nanoprism-mediated colourimetric sensing probe for efficient detection of Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions in water and reuse of formed bimetallic nanoprisms. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124234. [PMID: 38569388 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Sensitive and selective methods for detecting Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions in water are crucial for environmental monitoring and remediation. Although traditional methods for detection of Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions are accurate and sensitive, they face substantial challenges due to high costs, reliance on specialised equipment and limited field applicability, thereby presenting notable limitations. In this study, we introduce a novel colourimetric sensing probe designed specifically to identify Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions in aqueous solutions. This probe utilises the enhanced chemical stability of Ag nanoprisms achieved through Pd or Pt deposition on their surfaces. Our approach features exceptionally low limits of detection of 2.6 nM for Pd(II) and 0.3 nM for Pt(II), indicating an impressive detection range. Furthermore, the probe's ease of use, cost-effectiveness and compatibility with both naked eye and UV-Vis spectrophotometric detection make it a selective, reliable and affordable option for point-of-care analysis. Beyond its impressive sensitivity for ion detection, this methodology offers the additional benefit of enabling the on-demand synthesis of customised bimetallic catalysts. The synthesised Ag/Pd and Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoprisms demonstrate promising catalytic potential for environmental remediation. This advancement paves the way for efficient recycling and reuse of valuable Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions in various catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenni Woro Hastuti
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ho Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Anisur Rahman M, Turner T, Hamilton HSC, Bradley LC, Beltramo PJ. Engineering the surface patchiness and topography of polystyrene colloids: From spheres to ellipsoids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:82-94. [PMID: 37591086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Colloidal surface morphology determines suspension properties and applications. While existing methods are effective at generating specific features on spherical particles, an approach extending this to non-spherical particles is currently missing. Synthesizing un-crosslinked polymer microspheres with controlled chemical patchiness would allow subsequent thermomechanical stretching to translate surface topographical features to ellipsoidal particles. EXPERIMENTS A systematic study using seeded emulsion polymerization to create polystyrene (PS) microspheres with controlled surface patches of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) was performed with different polymerization parameters such as concentration of tBA monomer, co-swelling agent, and initiator. Thermomechanical stretching converted seed spheres to microellipsoids. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis (ACH) was performed to remove the patch domains. Roughness was characterized before and after ACH using atomic force microscopy. FINDINGS PS spheres with controlled chemical patchiness were synthesized. A balance between two factors, domain coalescence from reduced viscosity and domain growth via monomer absorption, dictates the final PtBA) patch features. ACH mediated removal of patch domains produced either golf ball-like porous particles or multicavity particles, depending on the size of the precursor patches. Patchy microspheres were successfully stretched into microellipsoids while retaining their surface characteristics. Particle roughness is governed by the patch geometry and increases after ACH. Overall, this study provides a facile yet controllable platform for creating colloids with highly adjustable surface patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anisur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Taina Turner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Heather S C Hamilton
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Laura C Bradley
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Peter J Beltramo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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3
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Dorbic K, Lattuada M. Synthesis of dimpled polymer particles and polymer particles with protrusions - Past, present, and future. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 320:102998. [PMID: 37729785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the development of emulsion polymerization techniques, polymer particles have become the epitome of standard colloids due to the exceptional control over size, size distribution, and composition the synthesis methods allow reaching. The exploration of different variations of the synthesis methods has led to the discovery of more advanced techniques, enabling control over their composition and shape. Many early investigations focused on forming particles with protrusions (with one protrusion, called dumbbell particles) and particles with concavities, also called dimpled particles. This paper reviews the literature covering the synthesis, functionalization, and applications of both types of particles. The focus has been on the rationalization of the various approaches used to prepare such particles and on the discussion of the mechanisms of formation not just from the experimental viewpoint but also from the standpoint of thermodynamics. The primary motivation to combine in a single review the preparation of both types of particles has been the observation of similarities among some of the methods developed to prepare dimpled particles, which sometimes include the formation of particles with protrusions and vice versa. The most common applications of these particles have been discussed as well. By looking at the different approaches developed in the literature under one general perspective, we hope to stimulate a more ample use of these particles and promote the development of even more effective synthetic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Dorbic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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4
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Sun H, Gao Y, Fan Y, Du J, Jiang J, Gao C. Polymeric Bowl-Shaped Nanoparticles: Hollow Structures with a Large Opening on the Surface. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300196. [PMID: 37246639 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric bowl-shaped nanoparticles (BNPs) are anisotropic hollow structures with large openings on the surface, which have shown advantages such as high specific area and efficient encapsulation, delivery and release of large-sized cargoes on demand compared to solid nanoparticles or closed hollow structures. Several strategies have been developed to prepare BNPs based on either template or template-free methods. For instance, despite the widely used self-assembly strategy, alternative methods including emulsion polymerization, swelling and freeze-drying of polymeric spheres, and template-assisted approaches have also been developed. It is attractive but still challenging to fabricate BNPs due to their unique structural features. However, there is still no comprehensive summary of BNPs up to now, which significantly hinders the further development of this field. In this review, the recent progress of BNPs will be highlighted from the perspectives of design strategies, preparation methods, formation mechanisms, and emerging applications. Moreover, the future perspectives of BNPs will also be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yaning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yirong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Jinhui Jiang
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Chenchen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
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5
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Liu J, Tan Z, Qu X, Liang F, Yang Z. Single-Hole Janus Hollow Sphere. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11406-11413. [PMID: 36084177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linked epoxy resin (EP) single-hole Janus hollow spheres are prepared by cross-linking induced phase separation within an emulsion droplet and selective modification. The droplet is composed of an EP oligomer, toluene, and hexadecane. 2-Ethyl-4-methylimidazole is used as the cross-linker added to the aqueous phase. During the cross-linking, hexadecane forms an eccentric core in the cross-linked EP sphere. A single hole forms across the shell after dissolving the solvents, and a single-hole hollow sphere is achieved. The hole and cavity size are controlled by adjusting the solvent content and cross-linker concentration. Furthermore, frozen wax is used as the core material instead of hexadecane to effectively protect the sphere's interior surface. Selective modification of the exterior and interior surfaces is thus permitted. As an example, a responsive single-hole Janus hollow sphere is prepared by the favorable growth of a silica-polyoxyethylene composite layer onto the exterior surface and a selective grafting of poly(2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) onto the interior. The Janus sphere is water-dispersible and controllably captures and releases oil from the aqueous environment as triggered by the pH value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Foshan (Southern China) Institute for New Materials, Foshan 528200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhaoqi Tan
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaozhong Qu
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuxin Liang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenzhong Yang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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6
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Parvate S, Dixit P, Chattopadhyay S. Hierarchical polymeric hollow microspheres with size tunable single holes and their application as catalytic microreactor. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Using supercritical carbon dioxide to synthesize polymer nanospheres with an open hole on the surface and the application of spatially structured PS/P(DVB-co-MAA)@Fe3O4/TA@Ag nanocomposites. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Li X, Wu M, Xiang X, Ye Z, Chen N, Ma S. A self-templating dilution strategy for preparation of hollow concave polystyrene nanoparticles in a styrene/ethanol-water ternary system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Zulkifli DP, Kim MH. High-yield Synthesis and Hybridizations of Cu Microplates for Catalytic Applications. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00450j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of their special geometrical features, which include a high specific surface area and high proportion of exposed surface atoms, two-dimensional (2D) metal nanostructures based on Au and Ag have...
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10
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Synthesis of non-spherical polymer particles using the activated swelling method. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 611:377-389. [PMID: 34971960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of particles with non-spherical shapes is a challenging endeavor, often requiring a significant ingenuity, complex experimental procedures and difficulties to obtain reproducible results. In this work we prove that monodisperse non-spherical polymer particles possessing asymmetric Janus structure can be easily produced by using an activated swelling method in combination with a control of the rate of free radical polymerization through the addition of the inhibitors 4-methoxyphenol (MEHQ) and O2. Monodisperse non cross-linked polystyrene particles, used as seeds, are activated by the addition of an initiator, which promotes their swelling ability, and then swollen with a monomers mixture (methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), before being polymerized in presence of both MEHQ and O2. Our results show that only when both MEHQ and O2 are present during the course of the polymerization, the particles shape can be controlled, from spherical to asymmetrical. A variety of particles shapes can be obtained, ranging from dimpled spheres, flattened spheres and Janus particles by varying the swelling ratio, always with excellent monodispersity and reproducibility. Finally, to provide even more complex functionalities to these non-spherical polymer particles, iron oxide nanocrystals were grown within the polymer matrix resulting in superparamagnetic particles.
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11
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Sun CH, Septani CM, Sun YS. Direct Access to Bowl-Like Nanostructures with Block Copolymer Anisotropic Truncated Microspheres. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:636-645. [PMID: 33395300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bowl-like nanostructures have attracted significant scientific and technological interest due to their favorable characteristics, such as high specific surface area, interconnected porous channels, and conductivity. However, tailored synthesis of bowl-like nanostructures with well-defined and uniform morphology is still a challenge. Herein, we report a versatile microemulsion assembly approach to prepare bowl-like nanostructures of three different materials: polymer, carbon, and platinum. To this end, polystyrene-block-poly(4vinylpyridine), PS-b-P4VP, block copolymer (BCP) microparticles with truncated-sphere shape and composed of stacks of parallel lamellae were used because those anisotropic microparticles play an important role in the design of bowl-like nanostructures. To form nanolamellae-within-microparticle morphology, a designed PS-b-P4VP/chloroform/CTAB microemulsion can be facilely obtained in the aqueous medium, where the morphology can be tailored by the interplay between macro-phase separations, BCP self-assembly, and interfacial energies of three phases in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Finally, protonation or combination of cross-linking and pyrolysis of those truncated microparticles enables formation of polymer or carbon bowl-like nanostructures, respectively. Upon selective adsorption of Pt precursor salt ions with the pyridyl moieties followed by chemical reduction, subsequent calcination permits the synthesis of Pt bowl-like nanostructures. The microemulsion assembly approach opens up new ways to direct and template bowl-like nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Sun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Cindy Mutiara Septani
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sen Sun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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12
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Jeong JH, Pradyast A, Shim H, Woo HC, Kim MH. Completely green synthesis of rose-shaped Au nanostructures and their catalytic applications. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34589-34598. [PMID: 35494773 PMCID: PMC9042714 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06805a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel protocol for the one-pot, template/seed-free, and completely green synthesis of rose-shaped Au nanostructures with unique three-dimensional hierarchical structures was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Jeong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National Univeristy, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Astrini Pradyast
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National Univeristy, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonbo Shim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National Univeristy, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ho Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National Univeristy, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Jeong JH, Woo HC, Kim MH. One-step green synthesis of 2D Ag-dendrite-embedded biopolymer hydrogel beads as a catalytic reactor. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22826-22834. [PMID: 35480445 PMCID: PMC9034341 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03536c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver (Ag) nanocrystals with a dendritic structure have attracted intensive attention because of their unique structural properties, which include abundant sharp corners and edges that provide a large number of active atoms. However, the synthesis of Ag dendrites via a simple and environmentally friendly method under ambient conditions remains a challenge. In this paper, we report a simple water-based green method for the production of biopolymer hydrogel beads embedded with Ag dendrites without using an additional reducing agent, stabilizer, or crosslinking agent. The obtained Ag dendrites exhibit a unique two-dimensional (2D) structure rather than a conventional three-dimensional structure because Ag+ ions are reduced on the surface of the solid-phase hydrogel beads and grow into crystals. Reasonable mechanisms explaining the formation of the nanocomposite hydrogel beads and the formation of 2D Ag dendrites in the hydrogel are proposed on the basis of our observations and results. The hydrogel beads embedded the 2D Ag dendrites were used as an environmentally friendly catalytic reactor, and their catalytic performance was evaluated by adopting the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with NaBH4 as a model reaction. Alginate hydrogel beads embedded with 2D Ag dendrites were synthesized by simply adding aqueous alginate droplets to an aqueous AgNO3 solution.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Jeong
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Pukyong National Univeristy
- Busan 48513
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pukyong National University
- Busan 48513
- Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ho Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- Pukyong National Univeristy
- Busan 48513
- Republic of Korea
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Kim SH, Woo HC, Kim MH. Solid-phase colorimetric sensing probe for bromide based on a tough hydrogel embedded with silver nanoprisms. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1131:80-89. [PMID: 32928482 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sharp-tipped anisotropic silver (Ag) nanostructures are attracting increasing attention because of their unusual optical properties. However, the sharp tips make such nanostructures thermodynamically unstable; thus, they have been considered unsuitable for use in colorimetric sensing because of their tendency to aggregate or transform in a solution state. In the present study, a colorimetric sensing platform for detecting bromide (Br-) in an aqueous medium was developed. The platform is based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties of Ag nanoprisms with sharp tips. The key to using such Ag nanocrystals with extreme anisotropic structures is to adopt a solid-phase sensing platform. A Ag-nanoprism-embedded tough hydrogel with interpenetrating polymer networks was synthesized via aqueous-phase polymerization and crosslinking processes. The Ag nanoprisms immobilized inside the hydrogel were stable and did not exhibit aggregation or degradation over time; specifically, when the hydrogel was dried, the nanoprisms retained their inherent LSPR properties for an extended period. By taking advantage of the rapid and spontaneous morphological transformation of Ag nanoprisms inside the hybrid hydrogel exposed to Br- and the corresponding changes in their LSPR properties, we designed a plasmonic sensing platform for the sensitive and selective detection of Br- in an aqueous medium. The proposed colorimetric sensing platform was found to exhibit a wide sensing range and high selectivity, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 10 μM, and offers substantial advantages over previously developed systems; specifically, it is portable, eco-friendly, safe to use and handle, stable for extended periods, and enables naked-eye detection. We believe that the as-proposed sensing platform can be used as a point-of-care analytical tool for detecting Br- in a broad range of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Ho Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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