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Das SS, Yossifon G. Optoelectronic Trajectory Reconfiguration and Directed Self-Assembly of Self-Propelling Electrically Powered Active Particles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206183. [PMID: 37069767 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelling active particles are an exciting and interdisciplinary emerging area of research with projected biomedical and environmental applications. Due to their autonomous motion, control over these active particles that are free to travel along individual trajectories, is challenging. This work uses optically patterned electrodes on a photoconductive substrate using a digital micromirror device (DMD) to dynamically control the region of movement of self-propelling particles (i.e., metallo-dielectric Janus particles (JPs)). This extends previous studies where only a passive micromotor is optoelectronically manipulated with a translocating optical pattern that illuminates the particle. In contrast, the current system uses the optically patterned electrode merely to define the region within which the JPs moved autonomously. Interestingly, the JPs avoid crossing the optical region's edge, which enables constraint of the area of motion and to dynamically shape the JP trajectory. Using the DMD system to simultaneously manipulate several JPs enables to self-assemble the JPs into stable active structures (JPs ring) with precise control over the number of participating JPs and passive particles. Since the optoelectronic system is amenable to closed-loop operation using real-time image analysis, it enables exploitation of these active particles as active microrobots that can be operated in a programmable and parallelized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Shuvra Das
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Das SS, Erez S, Karshalev E, Wu Y, Wang J, Yossifon G. Switching from Chemical to Electrical Micromotor Propulsion across a Gradient of Gastric Fluid via Magnetic Rolling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30290-30298. [PMID: 35748802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To address and extend the finite lifetime of Mg-based micromotors due to the depletion of the engine (Mg-core), we examine electric fields, along with previously studied magnetic fields, to create a triple-engine hybrid micromotor for driving these micromotors. Electric fields are a facile energy source that is not limited in its operation time and can dynamically tune the micromotor mobility by simply changing the frequency and amplitude of the field. Moreover, the same electrical fields can be used for cell trapping and transport as well as drug delivery. However, the limitations of these propulsion mechanisms are the low pH (and high conductivity) environment required for Mg dissolution, while the electrical propulsion is quenched at these conditions as it requires low conductivity mediums. In order to translate the micromotor between these two extreme medium conditions, we use magnetic rolling as means of self-propulsion along with magnetic steering. Interestingly, electrical propulsion also necessitates at least the partial consumption of the Mg, resulting in a sufficient geometrical asymmetry of the micromotor. We have successfully demonstrated the rapid propulsion switching capability of the micromotor, from chemical to electrical motions, via magnetic rolling within a microfluidic device with the concentration gradient of the simulated gastric fluid. Such triple-engine micromotor propulsion holds considerable promise for in vitro studies mimicking gastric conditions and performing various bioassay tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Shuvra Das
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
| | - Shahar Erez
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yue Wu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
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M Boymelgreen A, Kunti G, Garcia-Sanchez P, Ramos A, Yossifon G, Miloh T. The role of particle-electrode wall interactions in mobility of active Janus particles driven by electric fields. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 616:465-475. [PMID: 35421638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The interaction of active particles with walls can explain discrepancies between experiments and theory derived for particles in the bulk. For an electric field driven metallodielectric Janus particle (JP) adjacent to an electrode, interaction between the asymmetric particle and the partially screened electrode yields a net electrostatic force - termed self-dielectrophoresis (sDEP) - that competes with induced-charge electrophoresis (ICEP) to reverse particle direction. EXPERIMENTS The potential contribution of hydrodynamic flow to the reversal is evaluated by visualizing flow around a translating particle via micro-particle image velocimetry and chemically suppressing ICEP with poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-PEG). Mobility of Polystyrene-Gold JPs is measured in KCl electrolytes of varying concentration and with a capacitive SiO2 coating at the metallic JP surface or electrode. Results are compared with theory and numerical simulations accounting for electrode screening. FINDINGS PLL-PEG predominantly suppresses low-frequency mobility where propulsive electro-hydrodynamic jetting is observed; supporting the hypothesis of an electrostatic driving force at high frequencies. Simulations and theory show the magnitude, direction and frequency dispersion of JP mobility are obtained by superposition of ICEP and sDEP using the JP height and capacitance as fitting parameters. Wall proximity enhances ICEP and sDEP and manifests a secondary ICEP charge relaxation time dominating in the contact limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Boymelgreen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
| | - G Kunti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - P Garcia-Sanchez
- Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - A Ramos
- Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - G Yossifon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - T Miloh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Boymelgreen A, Schiffbauer J, Khusid B, Yossifon G. Synthetic electrically driven colloids: a platform for understanding collective behavior in soft matter. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Erez S, Karshalev E, Wu Y, Wang J, Yossifon G. Electrical Propulsion and Cargo Transport of Microbowl Shaped Janus Particles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2101809. [PMID: 34761509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein the effective electrical propulsion, cargo trapping, and transport capabilities of microbowl-shaped Janus particles (JPs) are demonstrated and evaluated. These active JPs are made by deposition of Au and Ti layers onto sacrificial spherical polystyrene particles, followed by oxidation of the Ti to TiO2 . In contrast to the commonly studied spherical JP, the dual broken symmetry of both geometrical and electrical properties of the microbowl renders a strong dependence of its mobility and cargo loading on the order of the layering of Au and TiO2 . Specifically, an opposite direction of motion is obtained for interchanged layers of Au and TiO2 , using only electrical propulsion as the sole mechanism of motion. The concave side of the microbowl exhibits a negative dielectrophoretic trap of large size wherein trapped cargo is protected from hydrodynamic shearing, leading to an enhanced cargo loading capacity compared to that obtained using common spherical JP. Such enhanced cargo capability of the microbowl along with the ease of engineering it by interchanging the order of the layers are very attractive for future in vitro biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Erez
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200000, Israel
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200000, Israel
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200000, Israel
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McGlasson A, Bradley LC. Investigating Time-Dependent Active Motion of Janus Micromotors using Dynamic Light Scattering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104926. [PMID: 34655162 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in fabrication methods have positioned Janus micromotors (JMs) as candidates for use as autonomous devices in applications across diverse fields, spanning drug delivery to environmental remediation. While the design of most micromotors is straightforward, the non-steady state active motion exhibited by these systems is complex and difficult to characterize. Traditionally, JM active motion is characterized using optical microscopy single particle tracking for systems confined in 2D. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) offers an alternative high-throughput method for characterizing the 3D active motion in bulk JM dispersions with additional capabilities to quantify time-dependent behavior for a broader range of JM sizes. Here, the active motion of spherical JMs is examined by DLS and it is demonstrated that the method enables decoupling of the translational and rotational diffusion. Systematic studies quantifying the time-dependent diffusive properties as a function of fuel concentration, JM concentration, and time after fuel addition are presented. The analyses presented in this work position DLS to facilitate future advances of JM systems by serving as a fast-screening characterization method for active motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex McGlasson
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Laura C Bradley
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Enhanced cargo loading of electrically powered metallo-dielectric pollen bearing multiple dielectrophoretic traps. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 588:611-618. [PMID: 33303245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of active particles for cargo transport offers unique potential for applications ranging from targeted drug delivery to lab-on-a-particle systems. Previously, deployment of metallo-dielectric Janus spherical particles (JPs) as mobile microelectrodes for transport and dielectrophoretic manipulation of cargo has been shown to be singularly controlled via an applied electric field. Herein, we extended this to a metallo-dielectric pollen featuring multiple dielectrophoretic traps associated with its many spikes, and characterized its loading capacities for various cargo sizes and frequencies. When compared to spherical JPs, the active pollen exhibited a significantly enhanced cargo loading capacity due to its multiple dielectrophoretic traps. These findings open new opportunities for application of bio-hybrid particles with diverse and irregular shapes, such as pollen, as efficient cargo carriers, local electroporation and targeted drug delivery.
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Kunti G, Wu Y, Yossifon G. Rational Design of Self-Propelling Particles for Unified Cargo Loading and Transportation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007819. [PMID: 33709614 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on electrically powered active particles that can both self-propel and manipulate cargo load and release, have focused on both spherically shaped Janus particles (JP) and on a parallel electrically conducting plates setup. Yet, spherically shaped JPs set a geometrical limitation on the ability to smartly design multiple dielectrophoretic traps on a single active particle. Herein, these active carriers are extended to accommodate any desired shape and selective metallic coating, using a standard photolithography method. The resulting designed positive and negative dielectrophoretic traps of controlled size, location, and intensity, performed as sophisticated active carriers with a high level of control over their mobility and cargo loading. In addition to cargo loading, the engineered particles exhibit interesting motion in an electrically insulating substrate setup, with in-plane electric field, and, in particular, a tilt angle, and even flipping, that strongly depended on the field frequency and amplitude, hence, exhibiting a much more diverse and rich behavior than spherical JP. The engineered self-propelling carriers are expected to open up new possibilities for unified, label-free and selective cargo loading, transport, and delivery of complex multi-particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golak Kunti
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000, Israel
| | - Yue Wu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000, Israel
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Soto F, Karshalev E, Zhang F, Esteban Fernandez de Avila B, Nourhani A, Wang J. Smart Materials for Microrobots. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5365-5403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Berta Esteban Fernandez de Avila
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Biology, Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Abstract
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Previous micromotor-based
biosensing studies used to functionalize
the surface of the micromotor with specific molecular probes for binding
of target analyte, thus limiting the use of the micromotor for the
specific target. In contrast, here, we introduce a novel approach
of using a nonfunctionalized micromotor as a generic cargo carrier
being able to perform label-free and dynamic loading, transport, and
release of functionalized beads. Hence, such an approach enables one
to use the same micromotor system for sensing of varying targets via different commercially
available functionalized beads, demonstrating the use of micromotors
as a practical and versatile means for biosensing. We have also introduced
a simplified microfluidic design that can be used for immunosensing
or DNA binding tests without necessity for complicated fluid handling
(buffer exchange, washing, etc.) steps. We expect this approach to
open up new realizations of simplified and generic biosensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel
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