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Wang Y, Lai J, Gao R, Gou Q, Li B, Zheng G, Zhang R, Yue Q, Song Z, Guo Z. Recent Advances in Nickel Catalysts with Industrial Exploitability for Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Monomers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1676. [PMID: 38932025 PMCID: PMC11207433 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The direct copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers to produce functional polyolefins continues to be highly appealing due to its simple operation process and controllable product microstructure. Low-cost nickel catalysts have been extensively utilized in academia for the synthesis of polar polyethylenes. However, the development of high-temperature copolymerization catalysts suitable for industrial production conditions remains a significant challenge. Classified by the resultant copolymers, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the research progress in nickel complex catalyzed ethylene-polar monomer copolymerization at elevated temperatures in the past five years. The polymerization results of ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene-tert-butyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene-other fundamental polar monomer copolymers, and ethylene-special polar monomer copolymers are thoroughly summarized. The involved nickel catalysts include the phosphine-phenolate type, bisphosphine-monoxide type, phosphine-carbonyl type, phosphine-benzenamine type, and the phosphine-enolate type. The effective modulation of catalytic activity, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, melting point, and polar monomer incorporation ratio by these catalysts is concluded and discussed. It reveals that the optimization of the catalyst system is mainly achieved through the methods of catalyst structure rational design, extra additive introduction, and single-site catalyst heterogenization. As a result, some outstanding catalysts are capable of producing polar polyethylenes that closely resemble commercial products. To achieve industrialization, it is essential to further emphasize the fundamental science of high-temperature copolymerization systems and the application performance of resultant polar polyethylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (J.L.); (R.G.); (Q.G.); (B.L.); (G.Z.); (R.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Z.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zifang Guo
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (J.L.); (R.G.); (Q.G.); (B.L.); (G.Z.); (R.Z.); (Q.Y.); (Z.S.)
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2
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Taylor NS, Gordinier MT, Suhagia T, Pinto DD, Cherry DD, Verry DS, Baker LN, DeYonker NJ, Young KJ, Brewster TP. Donor Ability of Bisphosphinemonoxide Ligands Relevant to Late-Metal Olefin Polymerization Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2888-2898. [PMID: 38295440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Late-transition-metal catalysts for polymerization of olefins have drawn a significant amount of attention owing to their ability to tolerate and incorporate polar comonomers. However, a systematic way to experimentally quantify the electronic properties of the ligands used in these systems has not been developed. Quantified ligand parameters will allow for the rational design of tailored polymerization catalysts, which would target specific polymer properties. We report a series of platinum complexes bearing bisphosphinemonoxide ligands, which resemble those used in the polymerization catalysts of Nozaki and Chen. Their electronic properties are investigated experimentally, and trends are rationalized by using computed spectral properties. Benchmarking computational data with known experimental parameters further enhances the utility of both methods for determining optimal ligands for catalytic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Maxwell T Gordinier
- Department of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
| | - Tejaskumar Suhagia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Danna D Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Demetrius D Cherry
- Department of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
| | - Dominic S Verry
- Department of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
| | - Lindsey N Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Nathan J DeYonker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Karin J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
| | - Timothy P Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
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3
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Xiong S, Ghana P, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Henderson BS, Espinosa MR, Agapie T. Impact of Labile Ligands on Catalyst Initiation and Chain Propagation in Ni-Catalyzed Ethylene/Acrylate Copolymerization. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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4
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Ullah Khan W, Mazhar H, Shehzad F, Al-Harthi MA. Recent Advances in Transition Metal-Based Catalysts for Ethylene Copolymerization with Polar Comonomer. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200243. [PMID: 36715494 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polar functionalized polyolefin (PFP) offers improvement in mixing properties, polymer surface, and rheological properties with the potential of upgraded polyolefins for modern and ingenious applications. The synthesis of PFP from metal-based catalyzed olefin (non-polar in nature) copolymerization with polar comonomers embodies energy-efficient, atom-efficient, and apparently an upfront methodology. Despite their outstanding success during conventional polymerization of olefin, 3rd and 4th group (early transition metal)-based catalysts, owing to their electrophilic nature, face challenges mainly due to Lewis basic sites of the polar monomers. On the contrary, late transition metal-based catalysts have also made progress, in recent years, for PFP synthesis. The recent past has also witnessed several advancements in the development of dominating palladium-based catalysts while their lower resistance towards ligand functional groups has limited the practical application of abundant and cheaper nickel-based catalysts. However, the relentless efforts of the scientific community, during the past half-decade, have indicated rigorous progress in the development of nickel-based catalysts for PFP synthesis. In this review, we have abridged the recent research trends in both early as well as late transition metal-based catalyst development. Furthermore, we have highlighted the role of transition metal-based catalysts in influencing the polymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Ullah Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassam Mazhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farrukh Shehzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh A Al-Harthi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Synthesis and crystal structure of an iridium complex containing the novel electron-poor hybrid monoanionic ligand Ph2PCF2PO2(OiPr). Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Developments in late transition metal catalysts with high thermal stability for ethylene polymerization: A crucial aspect from laboratory to industrialization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Wang Q, Wang W, Qu W, Pang W, Qasim M, Zou C. Ethylene homo and copolymerization by phosphorus‐benzoquinone based homogeneous and heterogeneous nickel catalysts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wenbing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Weicheng Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wenmin Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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Zhang R, Gao R, Gou Q, Lai J, Li X. Recent Advances in the Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Comonomers by Nickel Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183809. [PMID: 36145954 PMCID: PMC9500745 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The less-expensive and earth-abundant nickel catalyst is highly promising in the copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers and has thus attracted increasing attention in both industry and academia. Herein, we have summarized the recent advancements made in the state-of-the-art nickel catalysts with different types of ligands for ethylene copolymerization and how these modifications influence the catalyst performance, as well as new polymerization modulation strategies. With regard to α-diimine, salicylaldimine/ketoiminato, phosphino-phenolate, phosphine-sulfonate, bisphospnine monoxide, N-heterocyclic carbene and other unclassified chelates, the properties of each catalyst and fine modulation of key copolymerization parameters (activity, molecular weight, comonomer incorporation rate, etc.) are revealed in detail. Despite significant achievements, many opportunities and possibilities are yet to be fully addressed, and a brief outlook on the future development and long-standing challenges is provided.
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Xiong S, Hong A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Senecal TD, Bailey H, Agapie T. Highly Active and Thermally Robust Nickel Enolate Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene-Acrylate Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206637. [PMID: 35723944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The insertion copolymerization of polar olefins and ethylene remains a significant challenge in part due to catalysts' low activity and poor thermal stability. Herein we demonstrate a strategy toward addressing these obstacles through ligand design. Neutral nickel phosphine enolate catalysts with large phosphine substituents reaching the axial positions of Ni achieve activity of up to 7.7×103 kg mol-1 h-1 (efficiency >35×103 g copolymer/g Ni) at 110 °C, notable for ethylene/acrylate copolymerization. NMR analysis of resulting copolymers reveals highly linear microstructures with main-chain ester functionality. Structure-performance studies indicate a strong correlation between axial steric hindrance and catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alexandria Hong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Todd D Senecal
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Hannah Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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10
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Xiong S, Hong A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Senecal TD, Bailey H, Agapie T. Highly Active and Thermally Robust Nickel Enolate Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene‐Acrylate Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- California Institute of Technology Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Alexandria Hong
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry and Chemical Engineering UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | | | - Theodor Agapie
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry 1200 California BlvdMC 127-72 91106 Pasadena UNITED STATES
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11
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Karimi M, Arabi H, Sadjadi S. New advances in olefin homo and copolymerization using neutral, single component palladium/nickel complexes ligated by a phosphine-sulfonate. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Chen M, Chen C. Nickel catalysts for the preparation of functionalized polyolefin materials. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Chu YK, Hu XQ, Zhang Y, Liu DJ, Zhang YX, Jian ZB. Influence of Backbone and Axial Substituent of Catalyst on α-Imino-ketone Nickel Mediated Ethylene (Co)Polymerization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Seidel FW, Nozaki K. A Ni
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σ‐Borane Complex Bearing a Rigid Bidentate Borane/Phosphine Ligand: Boryl Complex Formation by Oxidative Dehydrochloroborylation and Catalytic Activity for Ethylene Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Falk William Seidel
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Japan
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Tahmouresilerd B, Xiao D, Do LH. Rigidifying Cation-Tunable Nickel Catalysts Increases Activity and Polar Monomer Incorporation in Ethylene and Methyl Acrylate Copolymerization. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19035-19043. [PMID: 34846888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized and characterized two nickel complexes featuring conformationally rigid bisphosphine mono-oxide ligands, where one has an o-methoxyphenyl (Ni2) and the other has an o-(2-methoxyethoxy)phenyl (Ni3) substituent on the P═O moiety. We performed metal binding studies using Ni3 and found that its reaction with Li+ and Na+ most likely produced 1:1 and 1:1/2:1 nickel:alkali species in solution, respectively. The nickel complexes were competent catalysts for ethylene homopolymerization and copolymerization, with activities up to 3.8 × 103 and 8.1 × 10 kg mol-1 h-1, respectively. In reactions of ethylene with methyl acrylate (1.0 M), the addition of Li+ to Ni3 led to a 5.4-fold enhancement in catalyst activity and a 1.9-fold increase in polar monomer incorporation in comparison to those by Ni3 alone under optimized conditions. A comparison with other nickel catalysts reported for ethylene and methyl acrylate copolymerization revealed that our nickel-alkali catalysts are competitive with some of the most efficient Ni-based systems developed thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Tahmouresilerd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dawei Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Loi H Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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Seidel FW, Nozaki K. A Ni 0 σ-Borane Complex Bearing a Rigid Bidentate Borane/Phosphine Ligand: Boryl Complex Formation by Oxidative Dehydrochloroborylation and Catalytic Activity for Ethylene Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111691. [PMID: 34854528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While of interest, synthetically feasible access to boryl ligands and complexes remains limited, meaning such complexes remain underexploited in catalysis. For bidentate boryl ligands, oxidative addition of boranes to low-valent IrI or Pt0 are the only examples yet reported. As part of our interest in developing improved group 10 ethylene polymerization catalysts, we present here an optimized synthesis of a novel, rigid borane/phosphine ligand and its Ni0 σ-borane complex. From the latter, an unprecedented oxidative dehydrochloroborylation, to give a NiII boryl complex, was achieved. Furthermore, this new B/P ligand allowed the nickel-catalyzed polymerization of ethylene, which suggests that Ni0 σ-hydroborane complexes act as masked NiII boryl hydride reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk William Seidel
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Scholten PBV, Cartigny G, Grignard B, Debuigne A, Cramail H, Meier MAR, Detrembleur C. Functional Polyethylenes by Organometallic-Mediated Radical Polymerization of Biobased Carbonates. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:313-320. [PMID: 35549068 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Partly or fully renewable (co)polymers are gaining interest in both academia and industry. Polyethylene is a widely used polymer, classically derived from fossil fuels, with a high versatility stemming from the introduction of comonomers altering the mechanical properties. The introduction of renewable functionalities into this polymer is highly attractive to obtain functional, tunable, and at least partially renewable polyethylenes. We herein report the introduction of biosourced cyclic carbonates into polyethylene using organometallic-mediated radical polymerization under mild conditions. Molecular weights of up to 14 600 g mol-1 with dispersities as low as 1.19 were obtained, and the cyclic carbonate content could be easily tuned by the ethylene pressure during the polymerization. As a proof of concept, the hydrolysis of the cyclic carbonates of a representative copolymer was explored, and it provided polyethylene-bearing vicinal diols, with a hydrolysis degree of 71%. Given the multitude of chemoselective modifications possible on cyclic carbonates as well as the fact that many allylic- and alkylidene-type cyclic carbonates are accessible from renewable resources, this work opens up an avenue for the design of functional and more sustainable polyethylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B. V. Scholten
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum MZE, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Grégory Cartigny
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Henri Cramail
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum MZE, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Janeta M, Heidlas JX, Daugulis O, Brookhart M. 2,4,6‐Triphenylpyridinium: A Bulky, Highly Electron‐Withdrawing Substituent That Enhances Properties of Nickel(II) Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Janeta
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Julius X. Heidlas
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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20
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Abstract
Polyolefins are produced in vast amounts and are found in so many consumer products that the two most commonly produced forms, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), fall into the rather sparse category of molecules that are likely to be known by people worldwide, regardless of their occupation. Although widespread, the further upgrading of their properties (mechanical, physical, aesthetic, etc.) through the formation of composites with other materials, such as polar polymers, fibers, or talc, is of huge interest to manufacturers. To improve the affinity of polyolefins toward these materials, the inclusion of polar functionalities into the polymer chain is essential. The incorporation of a functional group to trigger controlled polymer degradation is also an emerging area of interest. Currently practiced methods for the incorporation of polar functionalities, such as post-polymerization functionalization, are limited by the number of compatible polar monomers: for example, grafting maleic anhydride is currently the sole method for practical functionalization of PP. In contrast, the incorporation of fundamental polar comonomers into PE and PP chains via coordination insertion polymerization offers good control, making it a highly sought-after process. Early transition metal catalysts (which are commonly used for the production of PE and PP) display poor tolerance toward the functional groups within polar comonomers, limiting their use to less-practical derivatives. As late transition metal catalysts are less-oxophilic and thus more tolerant to polar functionalities, they are ideal candidates for these reactions. This Account focuses on the copolymerization of propylene with polar comonomers, which remains underdeveloped as compared to the corresponding reaction using ethylene. We begin with the challenges associated with the regio- and stereoselective insertion of propylene, which is a particular problem for late transition metal systems because of their propensity to undergo chain walking processes. To overcome this issue, we have investigated a range of metal/ligand combinations. We first discuss attempts with group 4 and 8 metal catalysts and their limitations as background, and then focus on the copolymerization of propylene with methyl acrylate (MA) using Pd/imidazolidine-quinolinolate (IzQO) and Pd/phosphine-sulfonate (PS) precatalysts. Each generated regioregular polymer, but while the system featuring an IzQO ligand did not display any stereocontrol, that using the chiral PS ligand did. A further difference was found in the insertion mode of MA: the Pd/IzQO system inserted in a 1,2 fashion, while in the Pd/PS system a 2,1 insertion was observed. We then move onto recent results from our lab using Pd/PS and Pd/bisphosphine monoxide (BPMO) precatalysts for the copolymerization of propylene with allyl comonomers. These P-stereogeneic precatalysts generated the highest isotacticity values reported to date using late transition metal catalysts. This section closes with our work using Earth-abundant nickel catalysts for the reaction, which would be especially desired for industrial applications: a Ni/phosphine phenolate (PO) precatalyst yielded regioregular polypropylene with the incorporation of some allyl monomers into the main polymer chain. The installation of a chiral menthyl substituent on the phosphine allowed for moderate stereoselectivity to be achieved, though the applicable polar monomers currently remain limited. The Account concludes with a discussion of the factors that affect the insertion mode of propylene and polar comonomers in copolymerization reactions, beginning with our recent computational study, and finishing with work from ourselves and others covering both comonomer and precatalyst steric and electronic profiles with reference to the observed regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. J. Luckham
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Janeta M, Heidlas JX, Daugulis O, Brookhart M. 2,4,6-Triphenylpyridinium: A Bulky, Highly Electron-Withdrawing Substituent That Enhances Properties of Nickel(II) Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4566-4569. [PMID: 33230900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of NiII and PdII olefin polymerization catalysts can be enhanced by introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents on the supporting ligands rendering the metal centers more electrophilic. Reported here is a comparison of ethylene polymerization activity of a classical salicyliminato nickel catalyst substituted with the powerful electron-withdrawing 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium (trippy) group to the -CF3 analogue. The trippy substituent is substantially more electron-withdrawing (σmeta =0.63) than the trifluoromethyl group (σmeta =0.43) which results in a ca. 8-fold increase in catalytic turnover frequency. An additional advantage of trippy is the high steric bulk relative to the trifluoromethyl group. This feature results in a four-fold increase in polymer molecular weight owing to enhanced retardation of chain transfer. A significant increase in catalyst lifetime is observed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Janeta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USA.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Julius X Heidlas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USA
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USA
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5003, USA
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Li Y, Wang F, Cao Y. Late Transition Metal Complexes for Olefin Copolymerization with Polar Monomers. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202009008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Casey KC, Brown AM, Robinson JR. Yttrium and lanthanum bis(phosphine-oxide)methanides: structurally diverse, dynamic, and reactive. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Homoleptic yttrium and lanthanum complexes of bis(phosphineoxide) methanides, RE(HPhL)3 and RE2(HMeL)6, promote the first rare-earth mediated Horner-Wittig and acid-base chemistry consistent with multifunctional reactivity (Lewis-acid/Brønstedbase).
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25
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Zhou G, Cui L, Mu H, Jian Z. Custom-made polar monomers utilized in nickel and palladium promoted olefin copolymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the functions of custom-made polar monomers are insightfully emphasized in the preparation of functional polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Lei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
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26
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Zhang Y, Jian Z. Comprehensive Picture of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers in Chain-Walking Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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27
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Shakeri SE, Mortazavi SMM, Ahmadjo S, Zohuri GH. Comparison of mono and dinuclear α–diimine Ni-based catalysts for synthesis of polynorbornene and its microstructure study. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2020.1796494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Shakeri
- Department of Engineering, Iran Polymerand Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - S. M. M. Mortazavi
- Department of Engineering, Iran Polymerand Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Ahmadjo
- Department of Engineering, Iran Polymerand Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - G. H. Zohuri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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