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Izumi A, Shudo Y, Shibayama M, Miyata N, Miyazaki T, Aoki H. In Situ Neutron Reflectometry Analysis of Interfacial Structure Formation between Phenolic Resin and Silica during Curing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13867-13872. [PMID: 34783569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The structural formation mechanism of phenolic resin-silica interfaces was investigated in situ by neutron reflectometry during curing. There was a 4 nm thick novolac resin adsorption layer on the silica surface before curing. The curing reaction of the novolac resin with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) increased the coherent neutron scattering length density of the resin due to the cure shrinkage accompanied by the volatilization of ammonia, which is a byproduct of HMTA decomposition. As curing proceeded at 180 °C, the thickness of the bulk layer increased despite the cure shrinkage, and the thickness of the interfacial layer decreased from 4 to 1 nm. This is attributed to the diffusion of decomposed HMTA fragments generated in the bulk layer into the interfacial novolac adsorption layer during diffusion throughout the bulk layer, incorporating the upper part of the interfacial layer reacting with the fragment into the bulk layer. On the other hand, the fragments could not diffuse into the tightly bound immobile segments of novolac resin in direct contact with the silica surface, retaining the 1-2 nm thick interfacial layer in the cured resin. This structural formation mechanism caused interfacial cross-link inhomogeneity in the cured resin on the silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Izumi
- Corporate Engineering Center, Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., 2100 Takayanagi, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-0041, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shudo
- Corporate Engineering Center, Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., 2100 Takayanagi, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-0041, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Noboru Miyata
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Miyazaki
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Materials and Life Science Division, J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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Mei SC, Rui XH, Li L, Huang GX, Pan XQ, Ke MK, Wang ZH, Yu HQ, Yu Y. Quantitative Coassembly for Precise Synthesis of Mesoporous Nanospheres with Pore Structure-Dependent Catalytic Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103130. [PMID: 34510574 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precise synthesis of porous materials is essential for their applications. Self-assembly is a widely used strategy for synthesizing porous materials, but quantitative control of the assembly process still remains a great challenge. Here, a quantitative coassembly approach is developed for synthesizing resin/silica composite and its derived porous spheres. The assembly behaviors of the carbon and silica precursors are regulated without surfactants and the growth kinetics of the composite spheres are quantitatively controlled. This assembly approach enables the precise control of the size and pore structures of the derived carbon spheres. These carbon spheres provide a good platform to explore the structure-performance relationships of porous materials, and demonstrate their pore structure-dependent performance in catalytic water decontamination. This work provides a simple and robust approach for precise synthesis of porous spheres and brings insights into function-oriented design of porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chuan Mei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xian-Hong Rui
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ming-Kun Ke
- Department of Applied Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhao-Hua Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Miyazaki T, Miyata N, Arima-Osonoi H, Kira H, Ohuchi K, Kasai S, Tsumura Y, Aoki H. Layered Structure in the Crystalline Adsorption Layer and the Leaching Process of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Revealed by Neutron Reflectivity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9873-9882. [PMID: 34348461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the structure of the crystalline adsorption layer of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in hot water by neutron reflectivity in two cases: when the adsorption layer is exposed on the substrate by leaching the upper bulk layer and when it is deeply embedded between a relatively thick PVA film and substrate. In both cases, the PVA adsorption layer consists of three layers on the Si substrate. The bottom layer, consisting of amorphous chains that are strongly constrained on the substrate, is not swollen even in hot water at 90 °C. The middle layer, consisting of amorphous chains that are much more mobile compared with those in the bottom layer, has no freedom to assume a crystalline form. Only the molecular chains in the top layer are crystallizable in the adsorption layer, leading to a heterogeneous layered structure in the film thickness direction. This layered structure is attributed to the crystallizable chains of PVA during the formation of the adsorption layer driven by hydrogen bonding. However, the structure and dynamics in the adsorption layer may differ in both cases because the molecular chains in the vicinity of the surface seem to be affected by surface effects even in the adsorption layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Miyazaki
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Noboru Miyata
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima-Osonoi
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kira
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohuchi
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasai
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tsumura
- Kurashiki Research Center, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 2045-1, Sakazu, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0801, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Materials and Life Science Division, J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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Improved Performances of SiBCN Powders Modified Phenolic Resins-Carbon Fiber Composites. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of SiBCN powder on properties of phenolic resins and composites was analyzed. Compared with phenolic resins, the thermal stability of SiBCN powder modified phenolic resins (the SiBCN phenolic resins) by characterization of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) improved clearly. It was found by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that reactions between SiBCN powder and the pyrolysis product of phenolic resins were the main factor of the increased residual weight. TGA and static ablation of a muffle furnace were used to illustrate the roles of SiBCN powder on increasing oxidation resistance of SiBCN powder-modified phenolic resin–carbon fiber composites (SiBCN–phenolic/C composites), and the oxidative product was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For SiBCN–phenolic/C composites, the occurrence of oxidation reaction and the formation of protective crust contributed to improving oxidative resistance. The result of the oxygen-acetylene test showed that the linear ablation rate (LAR) and mass ablation rate (MAR) of phenolic resin–carbon fiber composites reduced from 0.052 ± 0.005 mm/s to 0.038 ± 0.004 mm/s and from 0.050 ± 0.004 g/s to 0.043 ± 0.001 g/s by introducing SiBCN powder, respectively. The mechanism of ablation resistance after the introduction of SiBCN powder was investigated. The high melt-viscosity of SiBCN powder caused SiBCN powder to remain on the surface of composites and protect the internal resins and carbon fibers. The oxidation of SiBCN powder and volatilization of oxide can consume energy and oxygen, thus the ablation resistance of SiBCN–Ph composite was improved.
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