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Abdul Razak NI, Yusoff NISM, Ahmad MH, Zulkifli M, Wahit MU. Dielectric, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Crosslinked Polyethylene Nanocomposite with Hybrid Nanofillers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071702. [PMID: 37050316 PMCID: PMC10096733 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) nanocomposite has superior insulation performance due to its excellent dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties. The incorporation of nano-sized fillers drastically improved these properties in XLPE matrix due to the reinforcing effect of interfacial region between the XLPE–nanofillers. Good interfacial strength can be further improved by introducing a hybrid system nanofiller as a result of synergistic interaction between the nanofiller relative to a single filler system. Another factor affecting interfacial strength is the amount of hybrid nanofiller. Therefore, the incorporation amount of hybridising layered double hydroxide (LDH) with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanofiller into the XLPE matrix was investigated. Herein, the influence of hybrid nanofiller content and the 1:1 ratio of LDH to Al2O3 on the dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties of the nanocomposite was studied. The structure and morphology of the XLPE/LDH-Al2O3 nanocomposites revealed that the hybridisation of nanofiller improved the dispersion state. The dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties, including partial discharge resistance, AC breakdown strength, and tensile properties (tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break) were enhanced since it was influenced by the synergetic effect of the LDH-Al2O3 nanofiller. These properties were increased at optimal value of 0.8 wt.% before decreasing with increasing hybrid nanofiller. It was found that the value of PD magnitude improvement went down to 47.8% and AC breakdown strength increased by 15.6% as compared to pure XLPE. The mechanical properties were enhanced by 14.4%, 31.7%, and 23% for tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break, respectively. Of note, the hybridisation of nanofillers opens a new perspective in developing insulating material based on XLPE nanocomposite.
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Burkey AA, Kotula AP, Snyder CR, Orski SV, Beers KL. Selective deuteration along a polyethylene chain: Differentiating conformation segment by segment. Macromolecules 2023; 56:10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01560. [PMID: 38841360 PMCID: PMC11151874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
To improve the circularity and performance of polyolefin materials, recent innovations have enabled the synthesis of polyolefins with new structural features such as cleavable breakpoints, functional chain ends, and unique comonomers. As new polyolefin structures become synthetically accessible, fundamental understanding of the effects of structural features on polymer (re)processing and mechanical performance is increasingly important. While bulk material properties are readily measured through conventional thermal or mechanical techniques, selective measurement of local material properties near structural defects is a major characterization challenge. Here, we synthesized a series of polyethylenes with selectively deuterated segments using a polyhomologation approach and employed vibrational spectroscopy to evaluate crystallization and melting of chain segments near features of interest (e.g., end groups, chain centers, and mid-chain structural defects). Chain-end functionality and defects were observed to strongly influence crystallinity of adjacent deuterated chain segments. Additionally, chain-end crystallinity was observed to have different molar mass dependence than mid-chain crystallinity. The synthesis and spectroscopy techniques demonstrated here can be applied to range of previously inaccessible deuterated polyethylene structures to provide direct insight into local crystallization behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Burkey
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Anthony P Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Chad R Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Sara V Orski
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Kathryn L Beers
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
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Ntetsikas K, Ladelta V, Bhaumik S, Hadjichristidis N. Quo Vadis Carbanionic Polymerization? ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 3:158-181. [PMID: 37065716 PMCID: PMC10103213 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Living anionic polymerization will soon celebrate 70 years of existence. This living polymerization is considered the mother of all living and controlled/living polymerizations since it paved the way for their discovery. It provides methodologies for synthesizing polymers with absolute control of the essential parameters that affect polymer properties, including molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and microstructure, chain-end/in-chain functionality, and architecture. This precise control of living anionic polymerization generated tremendous fundamental and industrial research activities, developing numerous important commodity and specialty polymers. In this Perspective, we present the high importance of living anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers by providing some examples of its significant achievements, presenting its current status, giving several insights into where it is going (Quo Vadis) and what the future holds for this powerful synthetic method. Furthermore, we attempt to explore its advantages and disadvantages compared to controlled/living radical polymerizations, the main competitors of living carbanionic polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Viko Ladelta
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Balzade Z, Sharif F, Ghaffarian Anbaran SR. Tailor-Made Functional Polyolefins of Complex Architectures: Recent Advances, Applications, and Prospects. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Balzade
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 158754413, Iran
| | - Farhad Sharif
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 158754413, Iran
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Panchal SS, Vasava DV. Fabricating approaches for synthesis of miktoarm star-shaped polymers having tailored biodegradability. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1981319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi S. Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dilip V. Vasava
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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Zhang WB, Luo J, Wang YM, Zhu XZ, Zhang C, Liu J, Ni ML, Zhang GH. Hydroxyl-terminated Polyethylenes Bearing Functional Side Groups: Facile Synthesis and Their Properties. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mei H, Zhao B, Wang H, Li L, Zheng S. Polyethylenes functionalized with ureidopyrimidone: synthesis, thermomechanical properties and shape memory behavior. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00625h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we reported an approach to functionalize polyethylene with quadruple hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Mei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Huaming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
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Rangou S, Moschovas D, Moutsios I, Manesi GM, Tsitoni K, Bovsunovskaya PV, Ivanov DA, Thomas EL, Avgeropoulos A. Dendrons and Dendritic Terpolymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Self-Assembly Comparison. Molecules 2020; 25:E6030. [PMID: 33352785 PMCID: PMC7766238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the very first time that a thorough study of the synthetic procedures, molecular and thermal characterization, followed by structure/properties relationship for symmetric and non-symmetric second generation (2-G) dendritic terpolymers is reported. Actually, the synthesis of the non-symmetric materials is reported for the first time in the literature. Anionic polymerization enables the synthesis of well-defined polymers that, despite the architecture complexity, absolute control over the average molecular weight, as well as block composition, is achieved. The dendritic type macromolecular architecture affects the microphase separation, because different morphologies are obtained, which do not exhibit long range order, and various defects or dislocations are evident attributed to the increased number of junction points of the final material despite the satisfactory thermal annealing at temperatures above the highest glass transition temperature of all blocks. For comparison reasons, the initial dendrons (miktoarm star terpolymer precursors) which are connected to each other in order to synthesize the final dendritic terpolymers are characterized in solution and in bulk and their self-assembly is also studied. A major conclusion is that specific structures are adopted which depend on the type of the core connection between the ligand and the active sites of the dendrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Rangou
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Plank-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Moschovas
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.B.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Ioannis Moutsios
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Gkreti-Maria Manesi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Konstantina Tsitoni
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Polina V. Bovsunovskaya
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.B.); (D.A.I.)
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.B.); (D.A.I.)
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse–IS2M, CNRS UMR7361, 15 Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA;
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.B.); (D.A.I.)
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Moschovas D, Manesi GM, Karydis-Messinis A, Zapsas G, Ntetsikas K, Zafeiropoulos NE, Piryazev AA, Thomas EL, Hadjichristidis N, Ivanov DA, Avgeropoulos A. Alternating Gyroid Network Structure in an ABC Miktoarm Terpolymer Comprised of Polystyrene and Two Polydienes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1497. [PMID: 32751589 PMCID: PMC7466615 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, molecular and morphological characterization of a 3-miktoarm star terpolymer of polystyrene (PS, M¯n = 61.0 kg/mol), polybutadiene (PB, M¯n = 38.2 kg/mol) and polyisoprene (PI, M¯n = 29.2 kg/mol), corresponding to volume fractions (φ) of 0.46, 0.31 and 0.23 respectively, was studied. The major difference of the present material from previous ABC miktoarm stars (which is a star architecture bearing three different segments, all connected to a single junction point) with the same block components is the high 3,4-microstructure (55%) of the PI chains. The interaction parameter and the degree of polymerization of the two polydienes is sufficiently positive to create a three-phase microdomain structure as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results in combination with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and birefringence experiments suggest a cubic tricontinuous network structure, based on the I4132 space group never reported previously for such an architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Moschovas
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gkreti-Maria Manesi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
| | - Andreas Karydis-Messinis
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
| | - George Zapsas
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (K.N.); (N.H.)
| | - Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (K.N.); (N.H.)
| | - Nikolaos E. Zafeiropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
| | - Alexey A. Piryazev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia;
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse—IS2M, CNRS UMR7361, 15 Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (K.N.); (N.H.)
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia;
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse—IS2M, CNRS UMR7361, 15 Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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