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Ahmadi M, Ehrmann K, Koch T, Liska R, Stampfl J. From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3978-4020. [PMID: 38546847 PMCID: PMC11009961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymers have been optimized as protective and decorative coating materials for decades. However, with the rise of additive manufacturing technologies, vat photopolymerization has unlocked the use of photopolymers for three-dimensional objects with new material requirements. Thus, the originally highly cross-linked, amorphous architecture of photopolymers cannot match the expectations for modern materials anymore, revealing the largely unanswered question of how diverse properties can be achieved in photopolymers. Herein, we review how microstructural features in soft matter materials should be designed and implemented to obtain high performance materials. We then translate these findings into chemical design suggestions for enhanced printable photopolymers. Based on this analysis, we have found microstructural heterogenization to be the most powerful tool to tune photopolymer performance. By combining the chemical toolbox for photopolymerization and the analytical toolbox for microstructural characterization, we examine current strategies for physical heterogenization (fillers, inkjet printing) and chemical heterogenization (semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers, interpenetrating networks, photopolymerization induced phase separation) of photopolymers and put them into a material scientific context to develop a roadmap for improving and diversifying photopolymers' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Grob B, Simonis M, Liska R, Catel Y. Ethyl-2-(tosylmethyl)acrylate: A promising chain transfer agent for the development of low-shrinkage dental composites. Dent Mater 2023; 39:1013-1021. [PMID: 37734972 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential of ethyl-2-(tosylmethyl)acrylate (ASEE) as chain transfer agent for the development of low-shrinkage photopolymerizable dental composites. METHODS Composites containing 10, 20 and 30 mol% of ASEE in their organic matrix were formulated. Camphorquinone (CQ)/ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDAB) (0.33 wt%/0.60 wt%), CQ/EDAB/Ivocerin® (0.33 wt%/0.60 wt%/0.10, 0.25 or 0.50 wt%), CQ/EDAB/SpeedCure 938 (SC-938) (0.33 wt%/0.60 wt%/0.30, 0.50 or 1.00 wt%) and Ivocerin® (0.50 wt%) were used as photoinitiator systems. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and the crosslink density were determined by DMTA measurements. The flexural strength/modulus and ambient light working time were assessed according to ISO 4049. The shrinkage force was evaluated using a universal testing machine. The double bond conversion (DBC) was determined by NIR spectroscopy. DBC, flexural strength and modulus were measured after the storage of the specimens in deionized water at 37 °C for 24 h. The DBC, flexural strength and modulus data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with p = 0.05 as significance level. RESULTS ASEE-based composites containing the classical initiator system CQ/EDAB exhibited low mechanical properties (flexural strength/modulus) and DBC. The screening of various photoinitiator systems showed that composites based on CQ/EDAB/Ivocerin® (0.33 wt%/0.60 wt%/0.50 wt%), Ivocerin® (0.50 wt%) or CQ/EDAB/SC-938 (0.33 wt%/0.60 wt%/1.00 wt%) were particularly attractive. Indeed, the use of these photoinitiator systems enabled the formulation of composites containing up to 30 mol% ASEE exhibiting excellent mechanical properties, high DBC, good network homogeneity and low shrinkage force values. Interestingly, the addition of SC-938 did not impair the ambient light working time of the uncured composites, whereas the incorporation of 0.50 wt% Ivocerin® resulted in a strong decrease of this value. SIGNIFICANCE The addition of the allyl sulfone ASEE in combination with the initiator system CQ/EDAB/SC-938 (0.33 wt%/ 0.60 wt%/ 1.00 wt%) is a promising strategy to develop low-shrinkage dental composites which exhibit excellent mechanical properties, low shrinkage force, high DBC and suitable ambient light working time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Grob
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Michael Simonis
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yohann Catel
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein.
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He J, Lassila L, Garoushi S, Vallittu P. Tailoring the monomers to overcome the shortcomings of current dental resin composites - review. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2191621. [PMID: 37090482 PMCID: PMC10120559 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2191621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental resin composites (DRCs) have become the first choice among different restorative materials for direct anterior and posterior restorations in the clinic. Though the properties of DRCs have been improved greatly in recent years, they still have several shortcomings, such as volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress, biofilm development, lack of radio-opacity for some specific DRCs, and estrogenicity, which need to be overcome. The resin matrix, composed of different monomers, constitutes the continuous phase and determine the performance of DRCs. Thus, the chemical structure of the monomers plays an important role in modifying the properties of DRCs. Numerous researchers have taken to design and develop novel monomers with specific functions for the purpose of fulfilling the needs in dentistry. In this review, the development of monomers in DRCs were highlighted, especially focusing on strategies aimed at reducing volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress, endowing bacteriocidal and antibacterial adhesion activities as well as protein-repelling activity, increasing radio-opacity, and replacing Bis-GMA. The influences of these novel monomers on the properties of DRCs were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- CONTACT Jingwei He College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Wellbeing Services County of South-West Finland, Turku, Finland
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Photopolymerizable dental composite resins with lower shrinkage stress and improved hydrolytic and hygroscopic behavior with a urethane monomer used as an additive. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 130:105189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Okamoto S, Shinozuka T, Endo T. Molecular Design of Isocyanurate Core-Based Acrylates Undergoing Volume Expansion on Radical Photo-Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200014. [PMID: 35142042 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of acrylates with an isocyanurate substituent that show significant volume expansion on radical photo-polymerization. The acrylate consisting of benzyl bisurethane moieties exhibits the largest volume expansion among them and contributes to restrict volume change upon its radical photo-copolymerization with a diacrylate exhibiting volume shrinkage. Furthermore, it is revealed that the correlation between the volume change behavior and the polymer structure through the radical photo-polymerization of the isocyanurate core-based diacrylate with benzyl bisurethane moieties under various concentration conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Okamoto
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui-cho 1-1, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan
| | - Toyofumi Shinozuka
- Applied Materials Department Information Media Materials Development Laboratory R & D Division, ADEKA Corporation, Higashiogu 7-2-34, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8553, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui-cho 1-1, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan
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Balaban B, Kariksiz N, Eren TN, Avci D. Cyclopolymerizable and cyclopolymeric photoinitiators from diallyl amine and α-hydroxy ketones. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00688j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel cyclopolymerizable and one cyclopolymeric (first in the literature) PIs with high reactivity, controllable water solubility, migration stability and high thermal stability were synthesized by attachment of diallyl amine to I2959 or I184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Balaban
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Kariksiz
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugce Nur Eren
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Avci
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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Marx P, Wiesbrock F. Expanding Monomers as Anti-Shrinkage Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050806. [PMID: 33800726 PMCID: PMC7961351 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly, volumetric shrinkage occurs during polymerizations due to the shortening of the equilibrium Van der Waals distance of two molecules to the length of a (significantly shorter) covalent bond. This volumetric shrinkage can have severe influence on the materials’ properties. One strategy to overcome this volumetric shrinkage is the use of expanding monomers that show volumetric expansion during polymerization reactions. Such monomers exhibit cyclic or even oligocyclic structural motifs with a correspondingly dense atomic packing. During the ring-opening reaction of such monomers, linear structures with atomic packing of lower density are formed, which results in volumetric expansion or at least reduced volumetric shrinkage. This review provides a concise overview of expanding monomers with a focus on the elucidation of structure-property relationships. Preceded by a brief introduction of measuring techniques for the quantification of volumetric changes, the most prominent classes of expanding monomers will be presented and discussed, namely cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, oxacycles, benzoxazines, as well as thiocyclic compounds. Spiroorthoesters, spiroorthocarbonates, cyclic carbonates, and benzoxazines are particularly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Marx
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-3842-42962-42
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Ruppitsch LA, Peer G, Ehrmann K, Koch T, Liska R. Photopolymerization of difunctional cyclopolymerizable monomers with low shrinkage behavior. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernot Peer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology Technische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technische Universität Wien Vienna Austria
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