1
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Deane O, Mandrelier P, Musa OM, Jamali M, Fielding LA, Armes SP. Synthesis and Characterization of All-Acrylic Tetrablock Copolymer Nanoparticles: Waterborne Thermoplastic Elastomers via One-Pot RAFT Aqueous Emulsion Polymerization. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:2061-2075. [PMID: 38435050 PMCID: PMC10902817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous emulsion polymerization is used to prepare well-defined ABCB tetrablock copolymer nanoparticles via sequential monomer addition at 30 °C. The A block comprises water-soluble poly(2-(N-acryloyloxy)ethyl pyrrolidone) (PNAEP), while the B and C blocks comprise poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) and poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA), respectively. High conversions are achieved at each stage, and the final sterically stabilized spherical nanoparticles can be obtained at 20% w/w solids at pH 3 and at up to 40% w/w solids at pH 7. A relatively long PnBA block is targeted to ensure that the final tetrablock copolymer nanoparticles form highly transparent films on drying such aqueous dispersions at ambient temperature. The kinetics of polymerization and particle growth are studied using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, while gel permeation chromatography analysis confirmed a high blocking efficiency for each stage of the polymerization. Differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray scattering studies confirm microphase separation between the hard PtBA and soft PnBA blocks, and preliminary mechanical property measurements indicate that such tetrablock copolymer films exhibit promising thermoplastic elastomeric behavior. Finally, it is emphasized that targeting an overall degree of polymerization of more than 1000 for such tetrablock copolymers mitigates the cost, color, and malodor conferred by the RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
J. Deane
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Pierre Mandrelier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Osama M. Musa
- Ashland
Specialty Ingredients, 1005 US 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Mohammed Jamali
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Lee A. Fielding
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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2
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Zhang J, Wang C, Zhao H. Dynamic surfaces of latex films and their antifouling applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:1281-1292. [PMID: 37907007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Latex polymer particles have been widely used in industry and everyday life. For decades the fabrication of "smart" latex film from latex particles has been a great challenge due to the difficulty in the synthesis of the functional latex particles by traditional emulsion polymerization using small molecular surfactants. In this manuscript, a simple and environmentally-friendly approach to the fabrication of "smart" latex films with dynamic surfaces is reported. Latex particles with poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA) in the cores and zwitterionic poly-3-[dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy) ethyl]azaniumyl]propane-1-sulfonate (PDMAPS) in the shells are synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The kinetics for the emulsion polymerization is studied, and the latex particles are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Latex films are prepared by casting aqueous solutions of the latex particles at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PnBMA. On the dried latex film, the hydrophobic PnBMA blocks occupy the top surface; after water treatment, the hydrophilic PDMAPS blocks migrate to the surface. A change in the surface hydrophilicity results in a change in the water contact angle of the latex film. A mechanism for the formation of the dynamic surface structure is proposed in this research. Antifouling applications of the latex films are investigated. Experimental results indicate that the water-treated latex film is able to efficiently inhibit protein adsorption and resist bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, PR China
| | - Hanying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, PR China.
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3
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Zhou J, Huang Q, Zhang L, Tan J. Exploiting the Monomer-Feeding Mechanism of RAFT Emulsion Polymerization for Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly of Asymmetric Divinyl Monomers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1457-1465. [PMID: 37844283 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
We exploited the monomer-feeding mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization to achieve the successful polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) of asymmetric divinyl monomers. Colloidally stable cross-linked block copolymer nanoparticles with various morphologies, such as vesicles, were directly prepared at high solids. Morphologies of the cross-linked block copolymer nanoparticles could be controlled by varying the monomer concentration, degree of polymerization (DP) of the core-forming block, and length of the macro-RAFT agent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization confirmed the presence of unreacted vinyl groups within the obtained block copolymer nanoparticles, providing a landscape for further functionalization via thiol-ene chemistry. Finally, the obtained block copolymer nanoparticles were employed as additives to tune the mechanical properties of hydrogels. We expect that this study not only offers considerable opportunities for the preparation of well-defined cross-linked block copolymer nanoparticles, but also provides important insights into the controlled polymerization of multivinyl monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhou
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Rho JY, Perrier S, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Multiblock copolymer synthesis via RAFT emulsion polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3438-3469. [PMID: 37093560 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A multiblock copolymer is a polymer of a specific structure that consists of multiple covalently linked segments, each comprising a different monomer type. The control of the monomer sequence has often been described as the "holy grail" of synthetic polymer chemistry, with the ultimate goal being synthetic access to polymers of a "perfect" structure, where each monomeric building block is placed at a desired position along the polymer chain. Given that polymer properties are intimately linked to the microstructure and monomer distribution along the constituent chains, it goes without saying that there exist seemingly endless opportunities in terms of fine-tuning the properties of such materials by careful consideration of the length of each block, the number and order of blocks, and the inclusion of monomers with specific functional groups. The area of multiblock copolymer synthesis remains relatively unexplored, in particular with regard to structure-property relationships, and there are currently significant opportunities for the design and synthesis of advanced materials. The present review focuses on the synthesis of multiblock copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization implemented as aqueous emulsion polymerization. RAFT emulsion polymerization offers intriguing opportunities not only for the advanced synthesis of multiblock copolymers, but also provides access to polymeric nanoparticles of specific morphologies. Precise multiblock copolymer synthesis coupled with self-assembly offers material morphology control on length scales ranging from a few nanometers to a micrometer. It is imperative that polymer chemists interact with physicists and material scientists to maximize the impact of these materials of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- MACROARC, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Julia Y Rho
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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5
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Chittari SS, Obermeyer AC, Knight AS. Investigating Fundamental Principles of Nonequilibrium Assembly Using Temperature-Sensitive Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6554-6561. [PMID: 36913711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Both natural biomaterials and synthetic materials benefit from complex energy landscapes that provide the foundation for structure-function relationships and environmental sensitivity. Understanding these nonequilibrium dynamics is important for the development of design principles to harness this behavior. Using a model system of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-based thermoresponsive lower critical solution temperature (LCST) copolymers, we explored the impact of composition and stimulus path on nonequilibrium thermal hysteretic behavior. Through turbidimetry analysis of nonsuperimposable heat-cool cycles, we observe that LCST copolymers show clear hysteresis that varies as a function of pendent side chain length and hydrophobicity. Hysteresis is further impacted by the temperature ramp rate, as insoluble states can be kinetically trapped under optimized temperature protocols. This systematic study brings to light fundamental principles that can enable the harnessing of out-of-equilibrium effects in synthetic soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supraja S Chittari
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Allie C Obermeyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Abigail S Knight
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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6
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Strover LT, Zetterlund PB, Moad G. Electrochemically-Initiated RAFT Synthesis of Low Dispersity Multiblock Copolymers by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:331-337. [PMID: 36802531 PMCID: PMC10035029 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe electrochemically initiated emulsion polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (eRAFT) to form well-defined multiblock copolymers with low molar mass dispersity. We demonstrate the utility of our emulsion eRAFT process with the synthesis of low dispersity multiblock copolymers by seeded RAFT emulsion polymerization at ambient temperature (∼30 °C). Thus, a triblock, poly(butyl methacrylate)-block-polystyrene-block-poly(4-methylstyrene) [PBMA-b-PSt-b-PMS], and a tetrablock, poly(butyl methacrylate)-block-polystyrene-block-poly(styrene-stat-butyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene [PBMA-b-PSt-b-P(BA-stat-St)-b-PSt], were synthesized as free-flowing, colloidally stable latexes commencing with a surfactant-free poly(butyl methacrylate) macroRAFT agent seed latex. A straightforward sequential addition strategy with no intermediate purification steps was able to be employed due to the high monomer conversions achieved in each step. The method takes full advantage of compartmentalization phenomena and the nanoreactor concept described in previous work to achieve the predicted molar mass, low molar mass dispersity (Đ ∼ 1.1-1.2), incrementing particle size (Zav = 100-115 nm), and low particle size dispersity (PDI ∼ 0.02) for each generation of the multiblocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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7
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Kitayama Y, Tokura D, Harada A. Reversible complexation mediated polymerization of methacrylates using amine catalysts in aqueous heterogeneous systems. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Yang S, Zhang L, Chen Y, Tan J. Combining Green Light-Activated Photoiniferter RAFT Polymerization and RAFT Dispersion Polymerization for Graft Copolymer Assemblies. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Yang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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9
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Olson RA, Lott ME, Garrison JB, Davidson CLG, Trachsel L, Pedro DI, Sawyer WG, Sumerlin BS. Inverse Miniemulsion Photoiniferter Polymerization for the Synthesis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Olson
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Megan E. Lott
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - John B. Garrison
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Cullen L. G. Davidson
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Lucca Trachsel
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Diego I. Pedro
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - W. Gregory Sawyer
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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10
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Chen X, Tang X, Zhang C, Lu X, Guo H, Li X, Pang L, Yang Y, Dong F. Synthesis and property of
EPEG
‐based polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers via
RAFT
polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- School of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan China
| | - Xinde Tang
- School of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan China
| | - Cuizhen Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan China
| | - Xiao Lu
- School of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan China
| | - Haichao Guo
- School of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan China
| | - Xuefan Li
- School of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan China
| | - Laixue Pang
- School of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan China
| | - Yong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of High‐performance Civil Engineering Materials Jiangsu Subote New Materials Ltd. Co. Nanjing China
| | - Fuying Dong
- School of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan China
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11
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Chernikova EV, Mineeva KO. Reversible Deactivation Radical Copolymerization: Synthesis of Copolymers with Controlled Unit Sequence. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238222200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Wu J, Zhang L, Chen Y, Tan J. Linear and Star Block Copolymer Nanoparticles Prepared by Heterogeneous RAFT Polymerization Using an ω,ω-Heterodifunctional Macro-RAFT Agent. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:910-918. [PMID: 35793539 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an ω,ω-heterodifunctional macromolecular reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (macro-RAFT) agent containing two different RAFT end groups was synthesized and employed to mediate aqueous photoinitiated RAFT dispersion polymerization of a methacrylic monomer. Because of the different RAFT controllability of two RAFT end groups toward methacrylic monomers, the RAFT end group with good controllability dominated the polymerization while the other RAFT end group with poor controllability was unreacted, leading to the formation of linear block copolymers. Because of the unique structure of the linear block copolymers, a diverse set of block copolymer nanoparticles with rich RAFT groups at the interface of the hydrophilic corona/the hydrophobic core were successfully prepared. Finally, μ-A(BC)C miktoarm star block copolymer nanoparticles were prepared by RAFT seeded emulsion polymerization of an acrylic monomer, which enables the further morphological control over polymer nanoparticles. We believe that the utilization of an ω,ω-heterodifunctional macro-RAFT agent in heterogeneous RAFT polymerization will offer considerable opportunities for the rational synthesis of well-defined molecular architectures and polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Wu
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Xu K, Fan B, Putera K, Wawryk M, Wan J, Peng B, Banaszak Holl MM, Patti AF, Thang SH. Nanoparticle Surface Cross-Linking: A Universal Strategy to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of Latex Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bo Fan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Enabling Eco-Efficient Beneficiation of Minerals, Monash Node, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kevin Putera
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michaela Wawryk
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jing Wan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bo Peng
- BASF Advanced Chemicals Co., Ltd., R&D I, No. 300, Jiangxinsha Road, 200137 Shanghai, China
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Antonio F. Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC-Industrial Transformation Training Centre - Green Chemistry in Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Enabling Eco-Efficient Beneficiation of Minerals, Monash Node, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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14
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Expanding the Scope of RAFT Multiblock Copolymer Synthesis Using the Nanoreactor Concept: The Critical Importance of Initiator Hydrophobicity. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K. K. Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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15
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Zhang Q, Wang R, Chen Y, Zhang L, Tan J. Block Copolymer Vesicles with Tunable Membrane Thicknesses and Compositions Prepared by Aqueous Seeded Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly at Room Temperature. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2699-2710. [PMID: 35176211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer vesicles with diverse functionalities and intrinsic hollow structures have received considerable attention due to their broad applications in biomedical fields, including drug delivery, bioimaging, theranostics, gene therapy, etc. However, efficient preparation of block copolymer vesicles with tunable membrane thicknesses and compositions under mild conditions is still a challenge. Herein, we report an aqueous seeded photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) for the precise preparation of block copolymer vesicles at room temperature. By changing the total degree of polymerization (DP) of the hydrophobic block in seeded photo-PISA, one can easily tune the membrane thickness without compromising the morphology of vesicles. Moreover, by adding different comonomers such as hydrophobic monomers, hydrophilic monomers, and cross-linkers into seeded photo-PISA, vesicles with different compositions could be prepared without compromising the morphology and colloidal stability. Polymerization kinetics show that seeded photo-PISA can skip the step of in situ self-assembly with a short homogeneous polymerization stage being observed. To demonstrate potential biological applications, enzymatic nanoreactors were constructed by loading horseradish peroxidase (HRP) inside vesicles via seeded photo-PISA. The enzymatic properties of these nanoreactors could be easily regulated by changing the membrane thickness and hydrophobicity. It is expected that this method can provide a facile platform for the precise preparation of block copolymer vesicles that may find applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Cumming J, Deane OJ, Armes SP. Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization of 4-Hydroxybutyl Acrylate Produces Highly Thermoresponsive Diblock Copolymer Nano-Objects. Macromolecules 2022; 55:788-798. [PMID: 35431331 PMCID: PMC9007527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) using a poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) precursor is an important prototypical example of polymerization-induced self-assembly. 4-Hydroxybutyl acrylate (HBA) is a structural isomer of HPMA, but the former monomer exhibits appreciably higher aqueous solubility. For the two corresponding homopolymers, PHBA is more weakly hydrophobic than PHPMA. Moreover, PHBA has a significantly lower glass transition temperature (T g) so it exhibits much higher chain mobility than PHPMA at around ambient temperature. In view of these striking differences, we have examined the RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization of HBA using a PGMA precursor with the aim of producing a series of PGMA57-300-PHBA100-1580 diblock copolymer nano-objects by systematic variation of the mean degree of polymerization of each block. A pseudo-phase diagram is constructed using transmission electron microscopy to assign the copolymer morphology after employing glutaraldehyde to cross-link the PHBA chains and hence prevent film formation during grid preparation. The thermoresponsive character of the as-synthesized linear nano-objects is explored using dynamic light scattering and temperature-dependent rheological measurements. Comparison with the analogous PGMA x -PHPMA y formulation is made where appropriate. In particular, we demonstrate that replacing the structure-directing PHPMA block with PHBA leads to significantly greater thermoresponsive behavior over a much wider range of diblock copolymer compositions. Given that PGMA-PHPMA worm gels can induce stasis in human stem cells (see Canton et al., ACS Central Science, 2016, 2, 65-74), our findings are likely to have implications for the design of next-generation PGMA-PHBA worm gels for cell biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana
M. Cumming
- Dainton Building, Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK
| | - Oliver J. Deane
- Dainton Building, Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South
Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK
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17
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Zhang H, Clothier GK, Guimarães TR, Kita R, Zetterlund PB, Okamura Y. Tuning phase separation morphology in blend thin films using well-defined linear (multi)block copolymers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Gharnas‐Ghamesh H, Masoumi M, Erfani‐Moghadam V. Synthesis of doxorubicin‐loaded
PBMA‐b‐POEGMA
micelles and assessment of its anticancer activity against breast cancer cells (4T1). J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Gharnas‐Ghamesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ayatollah Amoli Branch Islamic Azad University Amol Iran
| | - Mojtaba Masoumi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ayatollah Amoli Branch Islamic Azad University Amol Iran
| | - Vahid Erfani‐Moghadam
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
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19
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Zhou M, Guo W, Zhang S, Xu B, Jin W, Huang X. Synthesis of Double-Bonds-Containing Diblock Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyallenes that present internal double bonds are attractive platforms for the development of diverse functional materials. However, the controlled block copolymerization of allene derivatives with precise structure and designable architecture...
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20
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Thompson SW, Guimarães TR, Zetterlund PB. Multiblock copolymer synthesis via aqueous RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01005d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Employing RAFT PISA emulsion polymerization to synthesize high molecular weight hexablock multiblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (OUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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21
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Jing C, Osada K, Kojima C, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto A. RAFT Polymerization of 2‐(
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyloxy)Ethyl Methacrylate and Transformation to Functional Polymers via Deprotection and the Subsequent Polymer Reactions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Jing
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1‐1 Gakuen‐cho, Naka‐ku Sakai Osaka 599‐8531 Japan
| | - Kaito Osada
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1‐1 Gakuen‐cho, Naka‐ku Sakai Osaka 599‐8531 Japan
| | - Chie Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1‐1 Gakuen‐cho, Naka‐ku Sakai Osaka 599‐8531 Japan
| | - Yasuhito Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1‐1 Gakuen‐cho, Naka‐ku Sakai Osaka 599‐8531 Japan
| | - Akikazu Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1‐1 Gakuen‐cho, Naka‐ku Sakai Osaka 599‐8531 Japan
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22
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Khan M, Guimarães TR, Kuchel RP, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Synthesis of Multicompositional Onion‐like Nanoparticles via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Khan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Thiago R. Guimarães
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Electron Microscope Unit Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Bag 10 Clayton South VIC 3169 Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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23
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Khan M, Guimarães TR, Kuchel RP, Moad G, Perrier S, Zetterlund PB. Synthesis of Multicompositional Onion-like Nanoparticles via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23281-23288. [PMID: 34411397 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of multicompositional polymeric nanoparticles of diameters 100-150 nm comprising well-defined multiblock copolymers reaching from the particle surface to the particle core was conducted using surfactant-free aqueous macroRAFT emulsion polymerization. The imposed constraints on chain mobility as well as chemical incompatibility between the blocks result in microphase separation, leading to formation of an onion-like multilayered particle morphology with individual layer thicknesses of approximately 20 nm. The approach provides considerable versatility in particle morphology design as the composition of individual layers as well as the number of layers can be tailored as desired, offering more complex particle design compared to approaches relying on self-assembly of preformed diblock copolymers within particles. Microphase separation can occur in these systems under conditions where the corresponding bulk system would not theoretically result in microphase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Khan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rhiannon P Kuchel
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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24
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In situ cross-linking in RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization: Reshaping the preparation of cross-linked block copolymer nano-objects by polymerization-induced self-assembly. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Shahrokhinia A, Biswas P, Reuther JF. Orthogonal synthesis and modification of polymer materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahrokhinia
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - Priyanka Biswas
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
| | - James F. Reuther
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts USA
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26
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Cao J, Tan Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Tan J. How the Reactive End Group of Macro-RAFT Agent Affects RAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100333. [PMID: 34219313 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated emulsion polymerization is an emerging method in which macro-RAFT agents are chain extended with hydrophobic monomers in water to form block copolymer nano-objects. However, almost all RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerizations are limited to AB diblock copolymers by using monofunctional macro-RAFT agents with non-reactive end groups. In this study, the first investigation on how the reactive end group of macro-RAFT agent affects RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization is reported. Three macro-RAFT agents with different end groups are synthesized and employed in RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization. Effects of end groups on morphologies of block copolymer nano-objects and polymerization process are studied. Block copolymer nano-objects prepared by using an asymmetric difunctional macro-RAFT agent can be functionalized by further chain extension on the surface. It is expected that the current study will not only expand the scope of RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization, but also provide a novel strategy to prepare functional polymer nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Cao
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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27
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Han S, Wu J, Zhang Y, Lai J, Chen Y, Zhang L, Tan J. Utilization of Poor RAFT Control in Heterogeneous RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junwei Lai
- Guangdong Hvege UV Material Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528445, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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28
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Guimarães TR, Delafresnaye L, Zhou D, Barner-Kowollik C, Zetterlund PB. Multisegmented polymers via step-growth and RAFT miniemulsion polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a method to efficiently prepare multisegmented polymers via a combination of step-growth (SG) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R. Guimarães
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Laura Delafresnaye
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Dewen Zhou
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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