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Kamimura S, Saito M, Teshima Y, Yamanaka K, Ichikawa H, Sugie A, Yoshida H, Jeon J, Kim HD, Ohkita H, Mikie T, Osaka I. Manipulating the functionality and structures of π-conjugated polymers utilizing intramolecular noncovalent interactions towards efficient organic photovoltaics. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6349-6362. [PMID: 38699251 PMCID: PMC11062120 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00899e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Careful control of electronic properties, structural order, and solubility of π-conjugated polymers is central to the improvement of organic photovoltaic (OPV) performance. In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of naphthobisthiadiazole-quaterthiophene copolymers by systematically replacing the alkyl groups with ester groups and changing the position of the fluorine groups in the quaterthiophene moiety. These alterations lowered the HOMO and LUMO energy levels and systematically varied the combination of intramolecular noncovalent interactions such as O⋯S and F⋯S interactions in the backbone. More importantly, although the introduction of such noncovalent interactions often lowers the solubility owing to the interlocking of backbone linkages, we found that careful design of the noncovalent interactions afforded polymers with relatively high solubility and high crystallinity at the same time. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of OPV cells that used fullerene (PC61BM) and nonfullerene (Y12) as the acceptor was improved. Our work offers important information for the development of high-performance π-conjugated polymers for OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kamimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Masahiko Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Teshima
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Kodai Yamanaka
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Ai Sugie
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Jihun Jeon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hyung Do Kim
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Mikie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Itaru Osaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
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Tu L, Wang J, Wu Z, Li J, Yang W, Liu B, Wu S, Xia X, Wang Y, Woo HY, Shi Y. Cyano-Functionalized Pyrazine: A Structurally Simple and Easily Accessible Electron-Deficient Building Block for n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319658. [PMID: 38265195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing low-cost and high-performance n-type polymer semiconductors is essential to accelerate the application of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). To achieve this objective, it is critical to design strong electron-deficient building blocks with simple structure and easy synthesis, which are essential for the development of n-type polymer semiconductors. Herein, we synthesized two cyano-functionalized highly electron-deficient building blocks, namely 3,6-dibromopyrazine-2-carbonitrile (CNPz) and 3,6-Dibromopyrazine-2,5-dicarbonitrile (DCNPz), which feature simple structures and facile synthesis. CNPz and DCNPz can be obtained via only one-step reaction and three-step reactions from cheap raw materials, respectively. Based on CNPz and DCNPz, two acceptor-acceptor (A-A) polymers, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) are successfully developed, featuring deep-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, which are beneficial to n-type organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and OTEs performance. An optimal unipolar electron mobility of 0.85 and 1.85 cm2 V-1 s-1 is obtained for P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz), respectively. When doped with N-DMBI, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) show high n-type electrical conductivities/power factors of 25.3 S cm-1 /41.4 μW m-1 K-2 , and 33.9 S cm-1 /30.4 μW m-1 K-2 , respectively. Hence, the cyano-functionalized pyrazine CNPz and DCNPz represent a new class of structurally simple, low-cost and readily accessible electron-deficient building block for constructing n-type polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
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Teshima Y, Yamanaka K, Sato Y, Ohkita H, Mikie T, Saito M, Osaka I. Simple π-Conjugated Polymers Based on Bithiazole for Nonfullerene Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3735-3743. [PMID: 38192099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Thiazole, as a family of five-membered heteroaromatic rings, is an interesting building unit that can play a role in coplanarizing the backbone as well as deepening the HOMO energy level, which is beneficial for the design of π-conjugated polymers for the photoactive materials in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Here, we designed and synthesized π-conjugated polymers with simple chemical structures, which consist of 2,2'-bithiazole or 5,5'-bithiazole and alkylthiophenes as the polymer backbone. In fact, the polymers can be easily synthesized in much fewer steps compared to the typical high-performance polymers based on fused heteroaromatic rings. Interestingly, PTN5 exhibited a markedly higher ordered structure than PTN2. This was likely ascribed to the more coplanar and rigid backbone of PTN5 than that of PTN2 originating in the effectively arranged S···N interaction. As a result, the nonfullerene photovoltaic cell based on PTN5 showed a PCE of 12.2%, which was much higher than the cell based on PTN2 (4.3%) and was high for the polymers consisting of only nonfused rings. These results demonstrate that thiazole-based polymers are promising photoactive materials for OPVs and emphasize the importance of careful molecular design utilizing noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Teshima
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kodai Yamanaka
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Mikie
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Masahiko Saito
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Itaru Osaka
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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Aggarwal R, Jain N, Dubey GP, Singh S, Chandra R. Visible Light-Prompted Regioselective Synthesis of Novel 5-Aroyl/hetaroyl-2',4-dimethyl-2,4'-bithiazoles as DNA- and BSA-Targeting Agents. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4798-4818. [PMID: 37729507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic transformations mediated by visible light have gained popularity in recent years as they are green, renewable, inexpensive, and clean and yield excellent products. The present study describes cyclo-condensation of 2-methylthiazole-4-carbothioamide with differently substituted α-bromo-1,3-diketones achieved by utilizing a white light-emitting diode (LED) (9W) to accomplish the regioselective synthesis of novel 5-aroyl/hetaroyl-2',4-dimethyl-2,4'-bithiazole derivatives as DNA/bovine serum albumin (BSA)-targeting agents. The structure characterization of the exact regioisomer was achieved unequivocally by heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy [1H-13C] HMBC; [1H-13C] HMQC; and [1H-15N] HMBC. In silico toxicity studies indicated that the synthesized compounds exhibit low toxicity risks and adhere to the rules of oral bioavailability without any exception. Computational molecular modeling of the bithiazole derivatives with the dodecamer sequence of the DNA duplex and BSA identified 5-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2',4-dimethyl-2,4'-bithiazole 7g as the most suitable derivative that can interact effectively with these biomolecules. Furthermore, theoretical results concurred with the ex vivo binding mode of the 7g with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and BSA through a variety of spectroscopic techniques, viz., ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible), circular dichroism (CD), steady-state fluorescence, and competitive displacement assay, along with viscosity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
- CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Naman Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Gyan Prakash Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
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Nakao N, Saito M, Mikie T, Ishikawa T, Jeon J, Kim HD, Ohkita H, Saeki A, Osaka I. Halogen-Free π $\upi$ -Conjugated Polymers Based on Thienobenzobisthiazole for Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells: Rational Design for Achieving High Backbone Order and High Solubility. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205682. [PMID: 36529702 PMCID: PMC9929271 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In π $\upi$ -conjugated polymers, a highly ordered backbone structure and solubility are always in a trade-off relationship that must be overcome to realize highly efficient and solution-processable organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Here, it is shown that a π $\upi$ -conjugated polymer based on a novel thiazole-fused ring, thieno[2',3':5,6]benzo[1,2-d:4,3-d']bisthiazole (TBTz) achieves both high backbone order and high solubility due to the structural feature of TBTz such as the noncovalent interlocking of the thiazole moiety, the rigid and bent-shaped structure, and the fused alkylthiophene ring. Furthermore, based on the electron-deficient nature of these thiazole-fused rings, the polymer exhibits deep HOMO energy levels, which lead to high open-circuit voltages (VOC s) in OPV cells, even without halogen substituents that are commonly introduced into high-performance polymers. As a result, when the polymer is combined with a typical nonfullerene acceptor Y6, power conversion efficiencies of reaching 16% and VOC s of more than 0.84 V are observed, both of which are among the top values reported so far for "halogen-free" polymers. This study will serve as an important reference for designing π $\upi$ -conjugated polymers to achieve highly efficient and solution-processable OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nakao
- Applied Chemistry ProgramGraduate School of Advanced Science and EngineeringHiroshima University1‐4‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐HiroshimaHiroshima739‐8527Japan
| | - Masahiko Saito
- Applied Chemistry ProgramGraduate School of Advanced Science and EngineeringHiroshima University1‐4‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐HiroshimaHiroshima739‐8527Japan
| | - Tsubasa Mikie
- Applied Chemistry ProgramGraduate School of Advanced Science and EngineeringHiroshima University1‐4‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐HiroshimaHiroshima739‐8527Japan
| | - Takumi Ishikawa
- Department of Polymer ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto UniversityKyoto615‐8510Japan
| | - Jihun Jeon
- Department of Polymer ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto UniversityKyoto615‐8510Japan
| | - Hyung Do Kim
- Department of Polymer ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto UniversityKyoto615‐8510Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Department of Polymer ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto UniversityKyoto615‐8510Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565‐0871Japan
| | - Itaru Osaka
- Applied Chemistry ProgramGraduate School of Advanced Science and EngineeringHiroshima University1‐4‐1 KagamiyamaHigashi‐HiroshimaHiroshima739‐8527Japan
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Imide‐Functionalized Fluorenone and Its Cyanated Derivative Based n‐Type Polymers: Synthesis, Structure–Property Correlations, and Thin‐Film Transistor Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205315. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chen Z, Li J, Wang J, Yang K, Zhang J, Wang Y, Feng K, Li B, Wei Z, Guo X. Imide‐Functionalized Fluorenone and Its Cyanated Derivative Based n‐Type Polymers: Synthesis, Structure‐Property Correlations, and Thin‐Film Transistor Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Chen
- Southern University of Science and Technology Materials science and thchnology CHINA
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Southern University of Science and Technology Materials science and thchnology CHINA
| | - Junwei Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Materials science and thchnology CHINA
| | - Kun Yang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Materials science and thchnology CHINA
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Cas Key Laborotary of Nanosystem and Hierarcheical Frabration CHINA
| | - Yimei Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Materials science and thchnology CHINA
| | - Kui Feng
- Southern University of Science and Technology Materials science and thchnology CHINA
| | - Bolin Li
- Southern University of Science and Technology Materials science and thchnology CHINA
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Cas Key Laborotary of Nanosystem and Hierarcheical Frabration CHINA
| | - Xugang Guo
- Southern University of Science and Technology Materials Science and Engineering No 1088, Xueyuan Rd. Xili, Nanshan 518055 Shenzhen CHINA
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Yamanaka K, Saito M, Mikie T, Osaka I. Effect of Ester Side Chains on Photovoltaic Performance in Thiophene-Thiazolothiazole Copolymers. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Masahiko Saito
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Mikie
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Itaru Osaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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