1
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Ji J, Liu X, Wang W, Jiao Y, Liu K. Synergistic Effect of Microconvex Texture and Particle Medium on the Tribological Property of the Rubber Sliding Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:15263-15270. [PMID: 39001857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examined how surface topography and particle medium interact to affect the tribological performance of rubber sliding interfaces, uncovering the mechanisms of particle lubrication under various conditions. We found that microtextured surfaces, created using a mold transfer method, modestly reduced the friction coefficient of rubber under both dry and lubricated states, primarily by altering the real contact area. Additionally, the presence of different microconvex textures on the surface topography significantly influenced rubber's tribological properties. Our three-dimensional morphological analysis revealed that microtextured rubber surfaces with higher Sa, Sku, and Sal and lower Str values consistently showed lower friction coefficients during sliding. The friction mechanism was attributed to the combined effects of the material properties, surface topography, and contact area. With the addition of a particle medium, the dry friction coefficient of the rubber interface decreased but exhibited an initial increase, followed by a decrease with increasing particle diameter. When particles were mixed with a water-based cutting fluid, the concentration, diameter, and wettability of the particles significantly impacted the tribological properties due to the synergistic effects of surface topography and particle lubrication. This work enhances our understanding of tribological control for viscoelastic materials through surface design, providing a theoretical basis for the tribological optimization of rubber surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ji
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yunlong Jiao
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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2
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Grover T, Guymon CA. Effect of Block Copolymer Self-Assembly on Phase Separation in Photopolymerizable Epoxy Blends. Macromolecules 2024; 57:4717-4728. [PMID: 38827959 PMCID: PMC11140735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Directing self-assembly of photopolymerizable systems is advantageous for controlling polymer nanostructure and material properties, but developing techniques for inducing ordered structure remains challenging. In this work, well-defined diblock or random copolymers were incorporated into cationic photopolymerizable epoxy systems to investigate the impact of copolymer architecture on self-assembly and phase separated nanostructures. Copolymers consisting of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-x-(butyl acrylate) were prepared using photoiniferter polymerization to control functional group placement and molecular weight/polydispersity. Prepolymer configuration and concentration induced distinctly different effects on the resin flow and photopolymerization kinetics. The diblock copolymer self-assembled into nanostructured phases within the resin matrix, whereas the random copolymer formed an isotropic mixture. Rapid photopolymerization and ambient temperature conditions during cure facilitated retention of the self-assembled phases, leading to considerably different composite morphology and thermomechanical behavior. Increased loading of the diblock copolymer induced long-range ordered cocontinuous structures. Even with nearly identical prepolymer composition, controlled nanophase separation resulted in significantly enhanced tensile properties relative to those of the isotropic system. This work demonstrates that controlling phase separation with a block copolymer architecture allows access to nanostructured photopolymers with unique and enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner
L. Grover
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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3
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Curley SJ, Szczepanski CR. Interfacial energy as an approach to designing amphipathic surfaces during photopolymerization curing. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3854-3867. [PMID: 38651540 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) is a platform capable of creating heterogeneous materials from initially miscible resin solutions, where both the reaction's governing thermodynamics and kinetics significantly influence the resulting phase composition and morphology. Here, PIPS is used to develop materials in a single photopolymerization step that are hydrophobic on one face and hydrophilic on the other. These two faces possess a water contact angle difference of 50°, bridged by a bulk-scale chemical gradient. The impact of the PIPS-triggering inert additive is investigated by increasing the loading of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in an acrylonitrile/1,6-hexanediol diacrylate comonomer resin. The extent of phase separation in the sample network depends on this loading, with increasing PMMA corresponding to macroscale domains that are more chemically and mechanically distinct. A significant period between the onsets of phase separation and reaction deceleration, determined using in situ FT-IR, facilitates this enhanced phase segregation in PMMA-modified samples. Spatially directed domain formation can be further promoted using multiple interface types in the sample mold, here, glass and stainless steel. With multiple interface types, interfacial rearrangements to minimize surface energy during resin photopolymerization result in a hydrophobic face that is nitrile-rich and a hydrophilic face that is nitrile-poor (e.g., acrylate-rich). Using this strategy, patterned wettability on a single face can also be engineered. This study illustrates the capabilities of PIPS for complex surface design and in applications requiring stark differences in surface character without sharp interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina J Curley
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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4
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Wang Y, Li H, Xie Y, Li X, Sun S, Jing X, Mi HY, Wang Y, Liu C, Shen C. Regulating microstructures of aerogels by controlling phase separation mechanism for improving specific surface area and energy harvesting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:772-782. [PMID: 38154240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels with 3D porous structures have been attracting increasing attention among functional materials due to their advantages of being lightweight and high specific surface area. Precise control of the porous structure of aerogel is essential to improve its performance. In this work, polylactic acid (PLA) aerogels with distinctly different microstructures were fabricated by precisely controlling the phase separation behavior of the ternary solution system. Rheological and theoretical analyses have revealed that the interactions between polymer molecules, solvents and non-solvents play a crucial role in determining the nucleation and growth of poor olymer and rich polymer phases. By adjusting the non-solvent type and the solution composition, aerogels with spider network structure, bead-like connected microsphere structure, and cluster petal structure were obtained. Ideal spinodal phase separation conditions were obtained to produce aerogels with a homogeneous fiber network structure. The optimum PLA aerogel achieved an extremely porosity of 96 % and a high specific surface area of 114 m2/g, which rendered it with excellent triboelectric generation performance. Thus, this work provides fundamental insights into the precise regulation of the phase separation behavior and the structure of the aerogel, which can help boost the performance and expand the applications of PLA aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hui Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yibing Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xijue Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuangjie Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Hao-Yang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China.
| | - Yaming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Chuntai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Changyu Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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5
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Lee K, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Polymerization Induced Microphase Separation for the Fabrication of Nanostructured Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307329. [PMID: 37429822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization induced microphase separation (PIMS) is a strategy used to develop unique nanostructures with highly useful morphologies through the microphase separation of emergent block copolymers during polymerization. In this process, nanostructures are formed with at least two chemically independent domains, where at least one domain is composed of a robust crosslinked polymer. Crucially, this synthetically simple method is readily used to develop nanostructured materials with the highly coveted co-continuous morphology, which can also be converted into mesoporous materials by selective etching of one domain. As PIMS exploits a block copolymer microphase separation mechanism, the size of each domain can be tightly controlled by modifying the size of block copolymer precursors, thus providing unparalleled control over nanostructure and resultant mesopore sizes. Since its inception 11 years ago, PIMS has been used to develop a vast inventory of advanced materials for an extensive range of applications including biomedical devices, ion exchange membranes, lithium-ion batteries, catalysis, 3D printing, and fluorescence-based sensors, among many others. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the PIMS process, summarize latest developments in PIMS chemistry, and discuss its utility in a wide variety of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Lee
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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6
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Kerche EF, Kairytė A, Członka S, da Silva VD, Salles NA, Schrekker HS, Amico SC. Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Compatibilizer Agents for Microcrystalline Cellulose/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020333. [PMID: 36679214 PMCID: PMC9865422 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IL; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-dicarboxymethylimidazolium chloride and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride) were tested as compatibilizers of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Subsequently, ethanolic IL solutions were prepared; MCC was mixed, and the mixtures were left to evaporate the ethanol at ambient conditions. These modified MCC were characterized and applied as reinforcements (5.0 and 10 phr) in an epoxy resin aiming to manufacture biobased composites with enhanced performances. The IL did not significantly modify the morphological and structural characteristics of such reinforcements. Regarding the thermal stability, the slight increase was associated with the MCC-IL affinity. The IL-modified MCC-epoxy composites presented improved mechanical responses, such as flexural strength (≈22.5%) and toughness behavior (≈18.6%), compared with pure epoxy. Such improvement was also obtained for the viscoelastic response, where the storage modulus at the glassy state depended on the MCC amount and IL type. These differences were associated with stronger hydrogen bonding between IL and epoxy hardener or the IL with MCC, causing a "bridging" effect between MCC and epoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fischer Kerche
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Vinícius Demétrio da Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Alves Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Henri Stephan Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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7
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Chen H, Li Y, Cheng J, Luo Y, Lian Q. Directly Using Paraffin as the Toughening Agent of Epoxy Composites: An Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:979-988. [PMID: 36622385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is still a challenge in studying the toughening mechanism by well combining the experimental and atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study. This article directly introduced eicosane (C20, model compound of paraffin) into the epoxy matrix (DGEBA) by using a special epoxy resin with alkyl side chains (D12) as a compatibilizer, which was synthesized through thiol-ene click chemistry. The toughening mechanism of the ternary DGEBA/D12/C20 (EPDA-X) systems was systematically investigated by experimental and MD simulation methods. Though C20 can be well dispersed in the curing mixture, the huge polarity difference between C20 and DGEBA can be the driving force for C20 to stay away from DGEBA, demonstrating the self-assembly effect of C20 around the alkyl side chains of D12 because of the good compatibility of D12 and C20. The soft alkyl chains of D12 and C20 as well as the self-assembly effect of C20 around the D12 molecules can simultaneously improve the strength, modulus, and toughness of the EPDA-2.5 system. This article not only provides a brand new toughening strategy by directly using nonfunctional alkyl derivatives as the toughening agent of epoxy composites with superior mechanical properties but also provides a systematic MD simulation method to evaluate whether there is the interaction or not and the strength of interaction between different molecular chains so as to provide a theoretical basis for the cause of the microphase separation structure and related toughening mechanism in cross-linking networks on the atomic and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan030051, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Materials Application Research, AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute, Beijing100024, China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Qingsong Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan030051, China
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8
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Cao Q, Li J, Qi Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Wei Z, Pang H, Jian X, Weng Z. Engineering Double Load-Sharing Network in Thermosetting: Much More than Just Toughening. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning High Performance Resin Engineering Research Center, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning High Performance Resin Engineering Research Center, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Yu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning High Performance Resin Engineering Research Center, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Shouhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning High Performance Resin Engineering Research Center, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning High Performance Resin Engineering Research Center, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning High Performance Resin Engineering Research Center, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Hongchang Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Xigao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning High Performance Resin Engineering Research Center, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Zhihuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning High Performance Resin Engineering Research Center, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
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9
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Gao Z, Wang Z, Liu Z, Fu L, Li X, Eling B, Pöselt E, Schander E, Wang Z. Hard block length distribution of thermoplastic polyurethane determined by polymerization-induced phase separation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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He S, Bouzy P, Stone N, Ward C, Hamerton I. Analysis of the Chemical Distribution of Self-Assembled Microdomains with the Selective Localization of Amine-Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets by Optical Photothermal Infrared Microspectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11848-11855. [PMID: 35972471 PMCID: PMC9434550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
By incorporating 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (AEPIP) into
a commercial
epoxy blend, a bicontinuous microstructure is produced with the selective
localization of amine-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (A-GNPs).
This cured blend underwent self-assembly, and the morphology and topology
were observed via spectral imaging techniques. As
the selective localization of nanofillers in thermoset blends is rarely
achieved, and the mechanism remains largely unknown, the optical photothermal
infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy technique was employed to identify
the compositions of microdomains. The A-GNP tends to be located in
the region containing higher concentrations of both secondary amine
and secondary alcohol; additionally, the phase morphology was found
to be influenced by the amine concentration. With the addition of
AEPIP, the size of the graphene domains becomes smaller and secondary
phase separation is detected within the graphene domain evidenced
by the chemical contrast shown in the high-resolution chemical map.
The corresponding chemical mapping clearly shows that this phenomenon
was mainly induced by the chemical contrast in related regions. The
findings reported here provide new insight into a complicated, self-assembled
nanofiller domain formed in a multicomponent epoxy blend, demonstrating
the potential of O-PTIR as a powerful and useful approach for assessing
the mechanism of selectively locating nanofillers in the phase structure
of complex thermoset systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suihua He
- Bristol Composites Institute, Department of Aerospace Engineering, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical, Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K
| | - Pascaline Bouzy
- Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, U.K
| | - Nicholas Stone
- Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, U.K
| | - Carwyn Ward
- Bristol Composites Institute, Department of Aerospace Engineering, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical, Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K
| | - Ian Hamerton
- Bristol Composites Institute, Department of Aerospace Engineering, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical, Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K
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11
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Leguizamon SC, Ahn J, Lee S, Jones BH. Tuneable phase behaviour and glass transition via polymerization-induced phase separation in crosslinked step-growth polymers. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4455-4463. [PMID: 35661857 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00485b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Once limited to chain-growth polymerizations, fine control over polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) has recently been demonstrated in rubber-toughened thermoset materials formed through step-growth polymerizations. The domain length scales of these thermoset materials can be elegantly tuned by utilizing a binary mixture of curing agents (CAs) that individually yield disparate morphologies. Importantly, varying the composition of the binary mixture affects characteristics of the materials such as glass transition temperature and tensile behavior. Here, we establish a full phase diagram of PIPS in a rubber-toughened epoxy system tuned by a binary CA mixture to provide a robust framework of phase behaviour. X-Ray scattering in situ and post-PIPS is employed to elucidate the PIPS mechanism whereby an initial polymerization-induced compositional fluctuation causes nanoscale phase separation of rubber and epoxy components prior to local chain crosslinking and potential macrophase separation. We further demonstrate the universality of this approach by alternatively employing binary epoxy or binary rubber mixtures to achieve broad variations in morphology and glass transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Leguizamon
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA.
| | - Juhong Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Brad H Jones
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA.
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12
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Lian Q, Chen H, Luo Y, Li Y, Cheng J, Liu Y. Toughening mechanism based on the physical entanglement of branched epoxy resin in the non-phase-separated inhomogeneous crosslinking network: An experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Grover TL, Guymon CA. Controlling network morphology in hybrid radical/cationic photopolymerized systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid formulation chemistry was used to internally control the reaction rate differences between radical and cationic photopolymerizations leading to a tailorable array of polymer morphologies and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner L. Grover
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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