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Traeger H, Kiebala D, Calvino C, Sagara Y, Schrettl S, Weder C, Clough JM. Microscopic strain mapping in polymers equipped with non-covalent mechanochromic motifs. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3467-3475. [PMID: 37350289 PMCID: PMC10463555 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00650f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical failure of polymers remains challenging to understand and predict, as it often involves highly localised phenomena that cannot be probed with bulk characterisation techniques. Here, we present a generalisable protocol based on optical microscopy, tensile testing, and image processing that permits the spatially resolved interrogation of mechanical deformation at the molecular level around defects in mechanophore-containing polymers. The approach can be applied to a broad range of polymeric materials, mechanophores, and deformation scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Derek Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Céline Calvino
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Jess M Clough
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Zhou Y, Centeno SP, Zhang K, Zheng L, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Fracture Detection in Bio-Glues with Fluorescent-Protein-Based Optical Force Probes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210052. [PMID: 36740969 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glues are being used to bond, seal, and repair in industry and biomedicine. The improvement of gluing performance is hence important for the development of new glues with better and balanced property spaces, which in turn necessitates a mechanistic understanding of their mechanical failure. Optical force probes (OFPs) allow the observation of mechanical material damage in polymers from the macro- down to the microscale, yet have never been employed in glues. Here, the development of a series of ratiometric OFPs based on fluorescent-protein-dye and protein-protein conjugates and their incorporation into genetically engineered bio-glues is reported. The OFPs are designed to efficiently modulate Förster resonance energy transfer upon force application thereby reporting on force-induced molecular alterations independent of concentration and fluorescence intensity both spectrally and through their fluorescence lifetime. By fluorescence spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state and by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, stress concentrations are visualized and adhesive and cohesive failure in the fracture zone is differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia P Centeno
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kuan Zhang
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lifei Zheng
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Baumann C, Willis‐Fox N, Campagna D, Rognin E, Marten P, Daly R, Göstl R. Regiochemical effects for the mechanochemical activation of
9‐π‐extended anthracene‐maleimide Diels–Alder
adducts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Niamh Willis‐Fox
- Department of Engineering, Institute for Manufacturing University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Etienne Rognin
- Department of Engineering, Institute for Manufacturing University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Paul Marten
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Ronan Daly
- Department of Engineering, Institute for Manufacturing University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen Germany
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