1
|
Cazin I, Ocepek M, Kecelj J, Stražar AS, Schlögl S. Synthesis of Bio-Based Polyester Resins for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1890. [PMID: 38673246 PMCID: PMC11051430 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Driven by environmental considerations, the scientific community has directed great effort towards the synthesis of new materials derived from renewable resources. However, for photocurable resins, most commercially available building blocks still rely on petroleum-based precursors. Herein, we present a simple synthesis route for bio-based acrylate-modified polyester resins, whose viscosity is sufficiently low for processing them with vat photopolymerization 3D printing. The established synthesis route enables the gradual substitution of fossil-based raw materials with bio-based alternatives. The acid number, color and viscosity of the bio-based acrylic resins are characterized and photocurable formulations are prepared by adding a radical photoinitiator. The photopolymerization kinetics, and thermomechanical and mechanical properties of the photopolymers are investigated as a function of the resin structure and benchmarked against a commercially available petroleum-based counterpart. Finally, the processability of the new bio-based resins via digital light processing 3D printing is demonstrated and test specimens are successfully 3D printed with a resolution in the millimeter range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Martin Ocepek
- Helios Resins, Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia; (M.O.); (J.K.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Janez Kecelj
- Helios Resins, Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia; (M.O.); (J.K.); (A.S.S.)
| | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, A-8700 Leoben, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maturi M, Spanu C, Maccaferri E, Locatelli E, Benelli T, Mazzocchetti L, Sambri L, Giorgini L, Franchini MC. (Meth)acrylate-Free Three-Dimensional Printing of Bio-Derived Photocurable Resins with Terpene- and Itaconic Acid-Derived Poly(ester-thioether)s. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:17285-17298. [PMID: 38099084 PMCID: PMC10716902 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization, a very efficient and precise object manufacturing technique, still strongly relies on the use of acrylate- and methacrylate-based formulations because of their low cost and high reactivity. However, the environmental impact of using fossil fuel-based, volatile, and toxic (meth)acrylic acid derivatives is driving the scientific community toward the development of alternatives that can match the mechanical performance and three-dimensional (3D) printing processability of traditional photocurable mixtures but are made from environmentally friendly building blocks. Herein, itaconic acid is polymerized with polyols derived from naturally occurring terpenes to produce photocurable poly(ester-thioether)s. The formulation of such polymers using itaconic acid-based reactive diluents allows the preparation of a series of (meth)acrylate-free photocurable resins, which can be 3D printed into solid objects. Extensive analysis has been conducted on the properties of photocured polymers including their thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical characteristics. The findings suggest that these materials exhibit properties comparable to those of traditional alternatives that are created using harmful and toxic blends. Notably, the photocured polymers are composed of biobased constituents ranging from 75 to 90 wt %, which is among the highest values ever recorded for vat photopolymerization applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Maturi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Chiara Spanu
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Emanuele Maccaferri
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Erica Locatelli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benelli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzocchetti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Letizia Sambri
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Loris Giorgini
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Center for Industrial Research on Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology, CIRI-MAM, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Papadopoulos L, Pezzana L, Malitowski NM, Sangermano M, Bikiaris DN, Robert T. UV-Curing Additive Manufacturing of Bio-Based Thermosets: Effect of Diluent Concentration on Printing and Material Properties of Itaconic Acid-Based Materials. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31009-31020. [PMID: 37663512 PMCID: PMC10468843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
In the quest toward sustainable thermosets, research has been conducted on various polymer classes like epoxy, benzoxazines, acryl-/methacrylates, etc. One particular group that can also be utilized as sustainable inks for additive manufacturing is itaconic acid-based unsaturated polyester resins. However, due to increased viscosity of the resins, the use of reactive diluents is required to increase their processability. While research has focused on creating different polymeric structures to expand the possible applications, the required amount of diluent has not received equal attention. In this work, a group of itaconic acid-based polyesters was synthesized to create a series of formulations with different reactive diluent contents. The physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations, along with their reactivity toward UV light, were assessed via photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC), real-time attenuated total reflectance (RT-ATR), and photorheology measurements. The same formulations were then used to fabricate test specimens via digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing, which were examined as to their thermomechanical properties by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros Papadopoulos
- Laboratory
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lorenzo Pezzana
- Dipartimento
Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Natalia Maria Malitowski
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Wood Research—Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Riedenkamp 3, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento
Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tobias Robert
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Wood Research—Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Riedenkamp 3, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papadopoulos L, Maria Malitowski N, Bikiaris D, Robert T. Bio-based additive manufacturing materials: An in-depth structure-property relationship study of UV-curing polyesters from itaconic acid. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
5
|
Melilli G, Guigo N, Robert T, Sbirrazzuoli N. Radical Oxidation of Itaconic Acid-Derived Unsaturated Polyesters under Thermal Curing Conditions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Melilli
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Nice06100, France
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Nice06100, France
| | - Tobias Robert
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Wood Research, Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig38108, Germany
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Nice06100, France
| |
Collapse
|