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Wang H, Xia Y, Zhang Z, Xie Z. 3D gradient printing based on digital light processing. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8883-8896. [PMID: 37694441 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
3D gradient printing is a type of fabrication technique that builds three-dimensional objects with gradually changing properties. Gradient digital light processing based 3D printing has garnered considerable attention in recent years. This function-oriented technology precisely manipulates the performance of different positions of materials and prints them as a monolithic structure to realize specific functions. This review presents a conceptual understanding of gradient properties, covering an overview of current techniques and materials that can produce gradient structures, as well as their limitations and challenges. The principle of digital light processing (DLP) technology and feasible strategies for 3D gradient printing to overcome any barriers are also presented. Additionally, this review discusses the promising future of 4D bioprinting systems based on DLP printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Chien-Shiung Wu College, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211102, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Chien-Shiung Wu College, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211102, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhuoying Xie
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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McGlynn JA, Schultz KM. Measuring human mesenchymal stem cell remodeling in hydrogels with a step-change in elastic modulus. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6340-6352. [PMID: 35968833 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00717g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are instrumental in the wound healing process. They migrate to wounds from their native niche in response to chemical signals released during the inflammatory phase of healing. At the wound, hMSCs downregulate inflammation and regulate tissue regeneration. Delivering additional hMSCs to wounds using cell-laden implantable hydrogels has the potential to improve healing outcomes and restart healing in chronic wounds. For these materials to be effective, cells must migrate from the scaffold into the native tissue. This requires cells to traverse a step-change in material properties at the implant-tissue interface. Migration of cells in material with highly varying properties is not well characterized. We measure 3D encapsulated hMSC migration and remodeling in a well-characterized hydrogel with a step-change in stiffness. This cell-degradable hydrogel is composed of 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-norbornene cross-linked with an enzymatically-degradable peptide. The scaffold is made with two halves of different stiffnesses separated by an interface where stiffness changes rapidly. We characterize changes in structure and rheology of the pericellular region using multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT). MPT measures Brownian motion of embedded particles and relates it to material rheology. We measure more remodeling in the soft region of the hydrogel than the stiff region on day 1 post-encapsulation and similar remodeling everywhere on day 6. In the interface region, we measure hMSC-mediated remodeling along the interface and migration towards the stiff side of the scaffold. These results can improve materials designed for cell delivery from implants to a wound to enhance healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McGlynn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
| | - Kelly M Schultz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
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