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Ferrer-Ruiz A, Moreno-Naranjo JM, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Ramírez-Barroso S, Martín N, Herranz MÁ. n-Type Fullerene-Carbon Dots: Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302850. [PMID: 38100513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The covalent incorporation of C60 and C70 derivatives of the well-known n-type organic semiconductor PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) onto carbon dots (CD) is described. Morphological and structural characterization reveal combined features of both pristine starting materials (CD and PCBM). Electrochemical investigations evidenced the existence of additional reduction processes to that of CD or PCBM precursors, showing rich electron-acceptor capabilities, with multistep processes in an affordable and narrow electrochemical window (ca. 1.5 V). Electronic communication in the obtained nanoconjugated species were derived from steady-state absorption and emission spectroscopies, which showed bathochromically shifted absorptions and emissions well entering the red region. Finally, the lower fluorescence quantum yield of CD-PCBM nanoconjugates, compared with CD, and the fast decay of the observed emission of CD, support the existence of an electronic communication between both CD and PCBM units in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ferrer-Ruiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Moreno-Naranjo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, London, UK
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ramírez-Barroso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Herranz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Nguyen H, Lima RLS, Neto NMB, Araujo PT. What is the significance of the chloroform stabilizer C 5H 10 and its association with MeOH in concentration-dependent polymeric solutions? SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123886. [PMID: 38245968 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The understanding of excitonic transitions associated with polymeric aggregates is fundamental, as such transitions have implications on coherence lengths, coherence numbers and inter- and intra-chain binding parameters. In this context, the investigation of efficient solvents and other ways to control polymer aggregate formation is key for their consolidation as materials for new technologies. In this manuscript, we use Poly(3-hexothiophene) (P3HT) as a probe to investigate the significance of amylene (C5H10) and its association with methanol (MeOH) in both pure and C5H10-stabilized chloroform (CHCl3)-based polymeric solutions. Using the intensity ratio between the first and second vibronic transitions of the P3HT H-aggregates formed, values for their exciton bandwidths and interchain interactions are obtained and correlated with the presence of C5H10 and MeOH as agents determining the CHCl3 quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Ruan L S Lima
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo T Araujo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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3
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Yoshida K, Yamamoto T, Tajima K, Isono T, Satoh T. Installing a functional group into the inactive ω-chain end of PMMA and PS-b-PMMA by terminal-selective transesterification. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00315k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Various functional groups were incorporated into the inherently inactive ω-chain end of polymethacrylate-based polymers by terminal-selective transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yoshida
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Hokkaido 080-8628
- Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Hokkaido 080-8628
- Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Hokkaido 080-8628
- Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Hokkaido 080-8628
- Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Hokkaido 080-8628
- Japan
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4
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Lutz JP, Hannigan MD, McNeil AJ. Polymers synthesized via catalyst-transfer polymerization and their applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Tenopala-Carmona F, Fronk S, Bazan GC, Samuel IDW, Penedo JC. Real-time observation of conformational switching in single conjugated polymer chains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao5786. [PMID: 29487904 PMCID: PMC5817931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are an important class of organic semiconductors that combine novel optoelectronic properties with simple processing from organic solvents. It is important to study CP conformation in solution to understand the physics of these materials and because it affects the properties of solution-processed films. Single-molecule techniques are unique in their ability to extract information on a chain-to-chain basis; however, in the context of CPs, technical challenges have limited their general application to host matrices or semiliquid environments that constrain the conformational dynamics of the polymer. We introduce a conceptually different methodology that enables measurements in organic solvents using the single-end anchoring of polymer chains to avoid diffusion while preserving polymer flexibility. We explore the effect of organic solvents and show that, in addition to chain-to-chain conformational heterogeneity, collapsed and extended polymer segments can coexist within the same chain. The technique enables real-time solvent-exchange measurements, which show that anchored CP chains respond to sudden changes in solvent conditions on a subsecond time scale. Our results give an unprecedented glimpse into the mechanism of solvent-induced reorganization of CPs and can be expected to lead to a new range of techniques to investigate and conformationally manipulate CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tenopala-Carmona
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Stephanie Fronk
- Department of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - J. Carlos Penedo
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
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6
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7
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Lunn DJ, Discekici EH, Read de Alaniz J, Gutekunst WR, Hawker CJ. Established and emerging strategies for polymer chain-end modification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Lunn
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3TA United Kingdom
| | - Emre H. Discekici
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Materials Department; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
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8
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Boufflet P, Casey A, Xia Y, Stavrinou PN, Heeney M. Pentafluorobenzene end-group as a versatile handle for para fluoro "click" functionalization of polythiophenes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2215-2225. [PMID: 28507677 PMCID: PMC5408564 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient method of introducing pentafluorobenzene (PFB) as a single end-group in polythiophene derivatives is reported via in situ quenching of the polymerization. We demonstrate that the PFB-group is a particularly useful end-group due to its ability to undergo fast nucleophilic aromatic substitutions. Using this molecular handle, we are able to quantitatively tether a variety of common nucleophiles to the polythiophene backbone. The mild conditions required for the reaction allows sensitive functional moieties, such as biotin or a cross-linkable trimethoxysilane, to be introduced as end-groups. The high yield enabled the formation of a diblock rod-coil polymer from equimolar reactants under transition metal-free conditions at room temperature. We further demonstrate that water soluble polythiophenes end-capped with PFB can be prepared via the hydrolysis of an ester precursor, and that such polymers are amenable to functionalization under aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boufflet
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Abby Casey
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Yiren Xia
- Dept. Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
- Dept. of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PJ , UK
| | - Paul N Stavrinou
- Dept. of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PJ , UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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9
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Öktem G, Sahre K, Voit B, Jordan R, Kiriy A. Facile synthesis of oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s conductive wires with charge-transfer functions. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of fully conjugated oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s bearing different starting- and end-groups have been synthesized by means of externally initiated Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerization (KCTP) and Grignard Metathesis Polymerization (GRIM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Öktem
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Karin Sahre
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED)
- Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED)
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED)
- Technische Universität Dresden
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10
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Verheyen L, Leysen P, Van Den Eede MP, Ceunen W, Hardeman T, Koeckelberghs G. Advances in the controlled polymerization of conjugated polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Leone AK, McNeil AJ. Matchmaking in Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation: Optimizing Catalysts based on Mechanistic Insight. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2822-2831. [PMID: 27936580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polycondensation (CTP) has emerged as a useful living, chain-growth polymerization method for synthesizing conjugated (hetero)arene-based polymers with targetable molecular weights, narrow dispersities, and controllable copolymer sequences-all properties that significantly influence their performance in devices. Over the past decade, several phosphine- and carbene-ligated Ni- and Pd-based precatalysts have been shown to be effective in CTP. One current limitation is that these traditional CTP catalysts lead to nonliving, non-chain-growth behavior when complex monomer scaffolds are utilized. Because these monomers are often found in the highest-performing materials, there is a significant need to identify alternative CTP catalysts. Recent mechanistic insight into CTP has laid the foundation for designing new catalysts to expand the CTP monomer scope. Building off this insight, we have designed and implemented model systems to identify effective catalysts by understanding their underlying mechanistic behaviors and systematically modifying catalyst structures to improve their chain-growth behavior. In this Account, we describe how each catalyst parameter-the ancillary ligand(s), reactive ligand(s), and transition metal-influences CTP. As an example, ancillary ligands often dictate the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle, and perhaps more importantly, they can be used to promote the formation of the key intermediate (a metal-arene associative complex) and its subsequent reactivity. The fidelity of this intermediate is central to the mechanism for the living, chain-growth polymerization. Reactive ligands, on the other hand, can be used to improve catalyst solubility and accelerate initiation. Additional advantages of the reactive ligand include providing access points for postpolymerization modification and synthesizing polymers directly off surfaces. While the most frequently used CTP catalysts contain nickel, palladium-based catalysts exhibit a higher functional group tolerance and broader substrate scope (e.g., monomers with boron, magnesium, tin, and gold transmetalating agents). Overall, we anticipate that applying the tools and lessons detailed in this Account to other monomers should facilitate a better "matchmaking" process that will lead to new catalyst-transfer polycondensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and
Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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12
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Shi Y, Mai CK, Fronk SL, Chen Y, Bazan GC. Optical Properties of Benzotriazole-Based Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Shi
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Institute
of Polymers/College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu
Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, No. 2 Avenue, Gaojiaoyuan District, Xiasha, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Cheng-Kang Mai
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Fronk
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yiwang Chen
- Institute
of Polymers/College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu
Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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13
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Qiao Y, Du Y, Liu Y, Li Y. Synthesis and optoelectronics properties of diblock copolymer of P3HT containing thiol-side chains and its hybrid nanocomposite. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19895c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DP-P3HT-SH in global, leaf-like and elliptical shape states exhibiting broad absorption spectra between 300 nm and 650 nm, and the conductivity values of a DP-P3HT-S-AuNPs hybrid nanoparticle film as a function of the weight content of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisha Qiao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
| | - Yixuan Du
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
| | - Yinfeng Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
| | - Yunbo Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
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14
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Chevrier M, Richeter S, Coulembier O, Surin M, Mehdi A, Lazzaroni R, Evans RC, Dubois P, Clément S. Expanding the light absorption of poly(3-hexylthiophene) by end-functionalization with π-extended porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:171-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06290j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene)s end-functionalized with π-extended porphyrins show a broad absorption profile up to 700 nm and a fibrillar microstructure tuned by the porphyrin molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Chevrier
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- Université de Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05
- France
- Service des Matériaux Polymères et Composites (SMPC)
| | - Sébastien Richeter
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- Université de Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05
- France
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Service des Matériaux Polymères et Composites (SMPC)
- Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en Matériaux et Polymères (CIRMAP)
- Université de Mons
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- CIRMAP
- University of Mons UMONS
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Ahmad Mehdi
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- Université de Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05
- France
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- CIRMAP
- University of Mons UMONS
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- School of Chemistry
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Service des Matériaux Polymères et Composites (SMPC)
- Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en Matériaux et Polymères (CIRMAP)
- Université de Mons
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Sébastien Clément
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- Université de Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05
- France
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