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Bernhardt S, Yokosawa T, Spiecker E, Gröhn F. Polythiophene as a Double-Electrostatic Template for Zinc Oxide and Gold: Multicomponent Nano-Objects for Enhanced Photocatalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:10312-10320. [PMID: 37462454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Using electrostatic self-assembly and electrostatic nanotemplating, a quaternary nanostructured system consisting of zinc oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate)thiophene-2,5-diyl] (PT), and methyltrioctylammonium chloride (MTOA) (PT-MTOA-ZnO-Au) was designed for aqueous photocatalysis. The PT-MTOA hollow sphere aggregates served as an electrostatic template for both individual inorganic nanoparticles controlling their morphology, stabilizing the nanoparticles, and acting as a photosensitizer. The hybrid structures included spherical ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter of d = 2.6 nm and spherical Au nanoparticles with d = 6.0 nm embedded in PT-MTOA hollow spheres with a hydrodynamic radius of RH = 100 nm. The ZnO nanoparticles acted as the main catalyst, while the Au nanoparticles acted as the cocatalyst. As a photocatalytic model reaction, the dye degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution using the full spectral range from UV to visible light was tested. The photocatalytic activity was optimized by varying the Zn and Au loading ratios and was substantially enhanced regarding the components; for example, it was increased by about 61% using PT-MTOA-ZnO-Au compared to the composite without gold particles. A photocatalytic mechanism of the methylene blue degradation was proposed when catalyzed by these multicomponent nano-objects. Thus, a simple procedure of templating two different nanoparticle species within the same cocatalytically active template has been demonstrated, which can be extended to other inorganic particles, making a variety of task-specific catalysts accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bernhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tadahiro Yokosawa
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), IZNF, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), IZNF, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Zika A, Agarwal M, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Joining Two Switches in One Nano-Object: Photoacidity and Photoisomerization in Electrostatic Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203373. [PMID: 36336659 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multi-switchable supramolecular nano-objects that respond to irradiation of different wavelengths with changes in size and shape have been built from two different water-soluble molecular switches, joined by attachment to the same polyelectrolyte. Accordingly, two wavelength-specific reactions, namely the excited-state proton dissociation of a photoacid and the cis-trans isomerization of an azo dye, are combined in one supramolecular nano-object that is stable in aqueous solution. The concept has potential in the fields of sensors, molecular motors, and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,DS / LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS / LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Krieger A, Zika A, Gröhn F. Functional Nano-Objects by Electrostatic Self-Assembly: Structure, Switching, and Photocatalysis. Front Chem 2022; 9:779360. [PMID: 35359487 PMCID: PMC8961288 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.779360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of functional nano-objects by electrostatic self-assembly in solution signifies an emerging field with great potential. More specifically, the targeted combination of electrostatic interaction with other effects and interactions, such as the positioning of charges on stiff building blocks, the use of additional amphiphilic, π-π stacking building blocks, or polyelectrolytes with certain architectures, have recently promulgated electrostatic self-assembly to a principle for versatile defined structure formation. A large variety of architectures from spheres over rods and hollow spheres to networks in the size range of a few tenths to a few hundred nanometers can be formed. This review discusses the state-of-the-art of different approaches of nano-object formation by electrostatic self-assembly against the backdrop of corresponding solid materials and assemblies formed by other non-covalent interactions. In this regard, particularly promising is the facile formation of triggerable structures, i.e. size and shape switching through light, as well as the use of electrostatically assembled nano-objects for improved photocatalysis and the possible solar energy conversion in the future. Lately, this new field is eliciting an increasing amount of understanding; insights and limitations thereof are addressed in this article. Special emphasis is placed on the interconnection of molecular building block structures and the resulting nanoscale architecture via the key of thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Krieger A, Wagner M, Haschke S, Kröckel C, Bachmann J, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Gröhn F. Self-assembled hybrid organic-MoS 3-nanoparticle catalyst for light energy conversion. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22952-22957. [PMID: 33196715 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04820h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present photocatalytically active, stable polymer-amorphous-MoS3-nanoparticle hybrid structures in aqueous solution. Below 10 nm MoS3 particles in the polymer exhibit an up to 7.5-fold increased photocatalytic activity compared to the neat nanoparticles without any additional photosensitizer. Supramolecular interactions are key in directing the structure formation of the hybrid assembly. The hybrid structures bear potential as novel affordable photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krieger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Düring J, Alex W, Zika A, Branscheid R, Spiecker E, Gröhn F. Dendrimer–Dye Assemblies as Templates for the Formation of Gold Nanostructures. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Düring
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Alex
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Branscheid
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Krieger A, Fuenzalida Werner JP, Mariani G, Gröhn F. Functional Supramolecular Porphyrin–Dendrimer Assemblies for Light Harvesting and Photocatalysis. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krieger
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Fuenzalida Werner
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Giacomo Mariani
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Lin C, Xu L, Huang L, Chen J, Liu Y, Ma Y, Ye F, Qiu H, He T, Yin S. Metal Coordination Stoichiometry Controlled Formation of Linear and Hyperbranched Supramolecular Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1453-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Lin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Luonan Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Libo Huang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Yifan Ma
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Feixiang Ye
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Huayu Qiu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Tian He
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
| | - Shouchun Yin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
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