1
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Zhang C, Xu M, Ren M, Shi H, Liu G, Li J, Liu X, Zhang L, Gao D. Morphology of impact polypropylene copolymer extruded cast film revealed by confocal Raman imaging. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3923-3930. [PMID: 38661471 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00156g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
An impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC), composed of polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPC), was synthesized through two-stage in-reactor polymerization. A systematic investigation of the crystalline structure, thermal behavior, morphology, and tensile properties of the IPC extruded cast film was conducted. Specifically, the morphology of EPC was obtained by confocal Raman imaging by depicting the spatial distribution of the Raman band located at 1064 cm-1. The EPC phase exhibits fibrous morphology with the long axis aligning along the machine direction (MD). A three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous structure of the IPC cast film obtained by confocal Raman imaging confirms that the fibrous EPC phase is dispersed in a 3D framework of the PP matrix. The mesomorphic phase in the as-prepared cast film transforms to a stable α-form crystal after annealing at 130 °C, which improves the yield strength but decreases the elongation of the cast film. The WAXD and SAXS results indicate that there is no obvious orientation of the crystallites. Thus, the anisotropy of tensile properties in the MD and transverse directions is closely related to the anisotropic phase morphology at the micrometer scale. The results reveal that the mechanical performances of IPC films are determined by the crystalline structure of the PP matrix and the morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Meng Xu
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Minqiao Ren
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Hongwei Shi
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Guoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Li
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Xuanbo Liu
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Longgui Zhang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Dali Gao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100013, China.
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2
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Li H, Ye Q, Sun J, Cui S, Zhang Z, Liu C, Shen C, Wang Z. A combined melt-stretching and quenching setup for experimental studies of polymer crystallization under complex flow-temperature environments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:015102. [PMID: 36725543 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A combined melt-stretching and quenching setup is designed and developed to allow experimental investigations of polymer crystallization under the complex flow-temperature environments comparable to those encountered in the actual industrial processing. The melt-stretching proceeds by two drums rotating in the opposite directions with simultaneous recording of a stress-strain curve, where the Hencky strain and strain rate (≤233 s-1) are adjustable over a large range. After stretching, liquid N2 is used as a cooling medium to quench the free-standing melt, which is sprayed directly to the deformed melt driven by an electric pump. To ensure a high cooling efficiency, a three-way solenoid valve is employed to execute a sequential control of the liquid N2 flow direction to reduce the boil-off of liquid N2 before entering the sample chamber. The melt cooling rate depends on the liquid N2 flow rate controlled by a flow valve, which is up to 221 °C/s when quenching the isotactic polypropylene (iPP) melt with a thickness of 0.28 mm at 150 °C. Two independent temperature control modules are designed to meet the requirements of different stages of melt-stretching and quenching. To verify the capability of the setup, we have performed the melt-stretching and quenching experiments on iPP samples. The setup is demonstrated to be a valuable new tool to study polymer crystallization under coupled flow-cooling fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiuyang Ye
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shanlin Cui
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Changyu Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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3
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Pochivalov KV, Basko AV, Lebedeva TN, Ilyasova AN, Shandryuk GA, Snegirev VV, Artemov VV, Ezhov AA, Kudryavtsev YV. A New Look at the Structure and Thermal Behavior of Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Camphor Mixtures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235214. [PMID: 36501608 PMCID: PMC9735715 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An experimental quasi-equilibrium phase diagram of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-camphor mixture is constructed using an original optical method. For the first time, it contains a boundary curve that describes the dependence of camphor solubility in the amorphous regions of PVDF on temperature. It is argued that this diagram cannot be considered a full analogue of the eutectic phase diagrams of two low-molar-mass crystalline substances. The phase diagram is used to interpret the polarized light hot-stage microscopy data on cooling the above mixtures from a homogeneous state to room temperature and scanning electron microscopy data on the morphology of capillary-porous bodies formed upon camphor removal. Based on our calorimetry and X-ray studies, we put in doubt the possibility of incongruent crystalline complex formation between PVDF and camphor previously suggested by Dasgupta et al. (Macromolecules 2005, 38, 5602-5608). We also describe and discuss the high-temperature crystalline structure of racemic camphor, which is not available in the modern literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Pochivalov
- Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya ul. 1, Ivanovo 153045, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Basko
- Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya ul. 1, Ivanovo 153045, Russia
| | - Tatyana N. Lebedeva
- Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya ul. 1, Ivanovo 153045, Russia
| | - Anna N. Ilyasova
- Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya ul. 1, Ivanovo 153045, Russia
| | - Georgiy A. Shandryuk
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V. Snegirev
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1–2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Artemov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 59, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Ezhov
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1–2, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 59, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Correspondence:
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4
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Feng S, Zhu J, Yu W, Guo H, Chen W, Lu A, Li L. Strain-Rate-Dependent Phase Transition Mechanism in Polybutene-1 during Uniaxial Stretching: From Quasi-Static to Dynamic Loading Conditions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyao Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jianhe Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wancheng Yu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hang Guo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ai Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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5
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Yagi S, Oguro M, Tokita M. Stress Response and Deformation of Block Copolymer Lamellae on Stretching in Normal Direction: Effects of Lateral Size of Lamellae. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Yagi
- S. Yagi, M. Oguro, Prof. M. Tokita Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152–8550 Japan
| | - Masaaki Oguro
- S. Yagi, M. Oguro, Prof. M. Tokita Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152–8550 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- S. Yagi, M. Oguro, Prof. M. Tokita Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152–8550 Japan
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6
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Yang Q, Liu X, Shi H, Zou L, Cheng K, Li T, Chang B, Liu C, Shen C. Influence of crystal orientation on stretching induced void formation in poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) investigated by in‐situ small‐angle and wide‐angle
X‐
ray scattering. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Honghui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Lin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Kaichang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Taolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Baobao Chang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Changyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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7
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Makarewicz C, Safandowska M, Idczak R, Rozanski A. Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopic Analysis of Plastic Deformation of High-Density Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Makarewicz
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
- The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Banacha 12/16, Lodz 90-237, Poland
| | - Marta Safandowska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Rafal Idczak
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, pl. Maksa Borna 9, Wroclaw 50-204, Poland
| | - Artur Rozanski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
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8
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Rahmanian V, Galeski A. Cavitation in strained polyethylene/nanographene nanocomposites. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Iqbal O, Guo H, Chen W. Structural Origin of Double Yielding: The Critical Role of Crystallite Aggregate Heterogeneity. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Iqbal
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hang Guo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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10
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Investigation on cavitation behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene during stretching in wet process and dry process. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Feng S, Lin Y, Yu W, Iqbal O, Habumugisha JC, Chen W, Meng L, Lu A, Li L. Stretch-induced structural transition of linear low-density polyethylene during uniaxial stretching under different strain rates. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Crystalline grain refinement toughened isotactic polypropylene through rapid quenching of stretched melt. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Stretch-induced structural evolution of pre-oriented isotactic polypropylene films: An in-situ synchrotron radiation SAXS/WAXS study. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Kim DY, Lee JB, Lee DY, Seo KH. Plasticization Effect of Poly(Lactic Acid) in the Poly(Butylene Adipate- co-Terephthalate) Blown Film for Tear Resistance Improvement. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091904. [PMID: 32847077 PMCID: PMC7564878 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties and tear resistance of an ecofriendly flexible packaging film, i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate–co–terephthalate) (PBAT) film, were investigated via a blown film extrusion process. The application of PLA and PBAT in product packaging is limited due to the high brittleness, low stiffness, and incompatibility of the materials. In this study, the effects of various plasticizers, such as adipate, adipic acid, glycerol ester, and adipic acid ester, on the plasticization of PLA and fabrication of the PLA/PBAT blown film were comprehensively evaluated. It was determined that the plasticizer containing ether and ester functionalities (i.e., adipic acid ester) improved the flexibility of PLA as well as its compatibility with PBAT. It was found that the addition of the plasticizer effectively promoted chain mobility of the PLA matrix. Moreover, the interfacial adhesion between the plasticized PLA domain and PBAT matrix was enhanced. The results of the present study demonstrated that the plasticized PLA/PBAT blown film prepared utilizing a blown film extrusion process exhibited improved tear resistance, which increased from 4.63 to 8.67 N/mm in machine direction and from 13.19 to 16.16 N/mm in the transverse direction.
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15
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Wang Z, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Chen X, Wang X, Wen M, Chen B, Cao W, Liu C. Polyethylene oxide enhances the ductility and toughness of polylactic acid: the role of mesophase. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7018-7032. [PMID: 32648874 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A lack of understanding of the structure-property relationship of the polylactic acid (PLA)-based polymer composite system makes it a challenge to manufacture products with optimized mechanical performance by precisely regulating the microscopic structure and morphology. Herein, we chose the PLA/polyethylene oxide (PEO) blend as a model to investigate the structural reason for the enhanced ductility and toughness of this kind of material. We have demonstrated that a considerable amount of the PLA mesophases exist in the melt quenched films that display high ductility and toughness, in contrast to the PLA crystals in their counterparts of slowly cooled films that are dominated by brittle fracture. The mesophase formed by melt quenching is attributed to a moderate acceleration of PLA chain mobility due to the plasticizing effect of the flexible PEO. In situ experiments have revealed the further formation of oriented mesophases induced by tensile deformation, which presents a high consistency between the content increase and the tensile stress intensification. We illustrate that the mesophases directly develop into a microfibrillar morphology to transmit the external stress and prevent crack propagation under deformation. This work emphasizes the essential role of the PLA mesophase in acquiring the enhanced ductility and toughness of the PLA/PEO composite films, which may be generalized to other similar PLA-based polymer composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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16
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Galeski A, Bartczak Z, Vozniak A, Pawlak A, Walkenhorst R. Morphology and Plastic Yielding of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2020; 53:6063-6077. [PMID: 32905184 PMCID: PMC7467761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
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The structure, morphology, and mechanical
properties of two compression-molded grades of ultrahigh-molecular-weight
polyethylene (UHMWPE) and, for comparison, one conventional linear
polyethylene (HDPE) were studied. Compression molding resulted in
some preferred orientation of lamellae in the compression direction
in UHMWPE samples, while no preferred orientation in HDPE. The mean
crystal thickness estimated from the size distribution agrees better
with those obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and mechanical
yield data than the thickness determined from the melting peak temperature.
Microscopic examination of microtomed and etched UHMWPE samples showed
that the lamellae are in the form of platelets with the width and
length in the range of 300–700 nm. The lamellae radiate from
primary nuclei forming small embryonal spherulites; their radial growth
ends at 0.3–0.7 μm from the center. There is no evidence
of branching and secondary nucleation from those primary lamellae.
Because the lamellae are radially ordered, there is no parallel stacking
of lamellae. Samples were subjected to deformation by plane-strain
compression at a constant true strain rate. In axial UHMWPE samples,
where lamellae were preferentially oriented along the loading direction,
the second yield was clearly observed. The second yield was found
to be related to the deformation instability leading to kinking of
lamellae oriented initially along the loading direction. Kinking was
clearly shown by SAXS and microscopic observation of microtomed and
etched samples. No cooperativity of kinking was observed because the
lamellae are arranged in small spherulites and not parallel in stacks.
The stress–strain curves were fitted with model curves assuming
crystal plasticity and network elasticity in the amorphous component.
The effective density of the molecular network within the amorphous
phase depended on the molecular weight of UHMWPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Galeski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bartczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Alina Vozniak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rainer Walkenhorst
- Celanese GmbH Industriepark Höchst, Brüningstr. 50, Building G832, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Kang J, Chen D, Xiong B, Zheng N, Yang F, Xiang M, Zheng Z. Facile Route for the Fabrication of Polypropylene Separators for Lithium-Ion Batteries with High Elongation and Strong Puncture Resistance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bijin Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhuo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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18
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Structural evolution of cellulose triacetate film during stretching deformation: An in-situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-Ray scattering study. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Zhang W, Yan Q, Ye K, Zhang Q, Chen W, Meng L, Chen X, Wang D, Li L. The effect of water absorption on stretch-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate): An in-situ synchrotron radiation wide angle X-ray scattering study. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Understanding structure-mechanics relationship of high density polyethylene based on stress induced lattice distortion. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Chen H, Su C, Shi G, Li X, Zhang X, Liu G, Wang D. Deformation Mechanism of Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Studied by in Situ X-ray Scattering and Texture Analysis. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cui Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangyu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dujin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Chang B, Schneider K, Xiang F, Vogel R, Roth S, Heinrich G. Critical Strains for Lamellae Deformation and Cavitation during Uniaxial Stretching of Annealed Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baobao Chang
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Konrad Schneider
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fei Xiang
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roland Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Roth
- Photon Science
at DESY, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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23
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Lin Y, Li X, Meng L, Chen X, Lv F, Zhang Q, Li L. Stress-induced microphase separation of interlamellar amorphous phase in hard-elastic isotactic polypropylene film. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Levin PP, Efremkin AF, Krivandin AV, Lomakin SM, Shatalova OV, Khudyakov IV. Photoinduced Reactions of Benzophenone in Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4298-4305. [PMID: 29644856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced reactions of benzophenone (B) in biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) were studied with nanosecond laser photolysis (N2 laser, λ337.1 nm). The first observed transient was a triplet state 3B*. Decay of 3B* led to formation of a radical pair (RP) of BH• and R•, where R• is a radical formed by hydrogen abstraction from BOPP (RH) by 3B*. We studied BOPP after the preheating for a short time in a temperature range 298-423 K, which is essentially lower than its melting point of 453 K. All measurements with not-heated and with preheated (annealed) BOPP were made at 298 K. A radical pair (RP) apparently decays as a contact pair 3[BH•, R•] in nonheated BOPP. A critical phenomenon takes place: dissociation of RP with a formation of free radicals in the polymer bulk is observed at preheating temperature Tcrit ≈ 403 K and at a higher T. The physical process of heating and cooling of BOPP apparently resulted in the restructuring of crystallites, their agglomeration, shrinking of the distribution of crystallites according to their sizes in BOPP. Overall BOPP becomes softer which manifests itself in the radical kinetics. The decay kinetics of 3B* and RP in the cage fits well the first-order law. Rate constants were obtained. Radicals BH•, which exit into the polymer bulk at temperatures of preheating T ≥ 403 K, decay by cross-termination according to the second-order law. A relatively high rate constant ∼108 M-1·s-1 for this reaction was obtained due to diffusion of BH• enclosed in the soft amorphous phase of BOPP. Properties of BOPP containing B were studied with ESR, DSC, IR, and WAXD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Levin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , 119334 , Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , 119991 , Russia
| | - Alexei F Efremkin
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , 119991 , Russia
| | - Aleksey V Krivandin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , 119334 , Russia
| | - Sergei M Lomakin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , 119334 , Russia
| | - Olga V Shatalova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , 119334 , Russia
| | - Igor V Khudyakov
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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25
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Mao Y, Bucknall DG, Kriegel RM. Simultaneous WAXS/SAXS study on semi-crystalline Poly(ethylene furanoate) under uniaxial stretching. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Simultaneous stiffening, strengthening and toughening of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/propylene carbonate gels by thermal annealing near peak melting temperature. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Chen X, Lv F, Lin Y, Wang Z, Meng L, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Li L. Structure evolution of polyethylene-plasticizer film at industrially relevant conditions studied by in-situ X-ray scattering: The role of crystal stress. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Effect of initial polypropylene structure on its deformation via crazing mechanism in a liquid medium. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Initiation of cavitation upon drawing of pre-oriented polypropylene film: In situ SAXS and WAXD studies. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Lv F, Chen X, Wan C, Su F, Ji Y, Lin Y, Li X, Li L. Deformation of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Precursor Fiber: Crystal Slip with or without Melting. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lv
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Caixia Wan
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Fengmei Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Youxin Ji
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yuanfei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Xueyu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
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31
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Yang J, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Jiang Q, Chen H, Liu G, Chen P, Wang D. New insights into the beta-form crystal toughening mechanism in pre-oriented PHBV films. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Chen X, Lv F, Su F, Ji Y, Meng L, Wan C, Lin Y, Li X, Li L. Deformation mechanism of iPP under uniaxial stretching over a wide temperature range: An in-situ synchrotron radiation SAXS/WAXS study. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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34
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Chen Y, Yang S, Yang H, Zhong G, Fang D, Hsiao BS, Li Z. Deformation behavior of oriented β-crystals in injection-molded isotactic polypropylene by in situ X-ray scattering. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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