1
|
Wang HF, Marubayashi H, Jinnai H. Kinetic Pathway of the Order–Order Transition from Hexagonally Packed Cylinder to Hexagonally Perforated Layer in Polystyrene- block-Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Using Time-Resolved 3D Transmission Electron Microtomography. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fang Wang
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hironori Marubayashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Merekalov AS, Derikov YI, Ezhov AA, Kriksin YA, Erukhimovich IY, Kudryavtsev YV. Orientation control of the hexagonal and lamellar phases in thin block copolymers films using in-plane AC electric field. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
Isono T, Komaki R, Kawakami N, Chen K, Chen HL, Lee C, Suzuki K, Ree BJ, Mamiya H, Yamamoto T, Borsali R, Tajima K, Satoh T. Tailored Solid-State Carbohydrate Nanostructures Based on Star-Shaped Discrete Block Co-Oligomers. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3978-3989. [PMID: 36039560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are key building blocks for advanced functional materials owing to their biological functions and unique material properties. Here, we propose a star-shaped discrete block co-oligomer (BCO) platform to access carbohydrate nanostructures in bulk and thin-film states via the microphase separation of immiscible carbohydrate and hydrophobic blocks (maltooligosaccharides with 1-4 glucose units and solanesol, respectively). BCOs with various star-shaped architectures and saccharide volume fractions were synthesized using a modular approach. In the bulk, the BCOs self-assembled into common lamellar, cylindrical, and spherical carbohydrate microdomains as well as double gyroid, hexagonally perforated lamellar, and Fddd network morphologies with domain spacings of ∼7 nm. In thin films, long-range-ordered periodic carbohydrate microdomains were fabricated via spin coating. Such controlled spatial arrangements of functional carbohydrate moieties on the nanoscale have great application potential in biomedical and nanofabrication fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Isono
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryoya Komaki
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Nao Kawakami
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chaehun Lee
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazushige Suzuki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Brian J Ree
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mamiya
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dissipative morphological characteristics of photo-responsive block copolymers driven by time-oscillatory irradiations: An in silico study. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
5
|
Ma M, Fu Y. Electromechanical response of lamellar forming ionic diblock copolymer thin films. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Selkirk A, Prochukhan N, Lundy R, Cummins C, Gatensby R, Kilbride R, Parnell A, Baez Vasquez J, Morris M, Mokarian-Tabari P. Optimization and Control of Large Block Copolymer Self-Assembly via Precision Solvent Vapor Annealing. Macromolecules 2021; 54:1203-1215. [PMID: 34276069 PMCID: PMC8280752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) block copolymers (BCPs) remains a complex and time-consuming endeavor owing to the high kinetic penalties associated with long polymer chain entanglement. In this work, we report a unique strategy of overcoming these kinetic barriers through precision solvent annealing of an UHMW polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) BCP system (M w: ∼800 kg/mol) by fast swelling to very high levels of solvent concentration (ϕs). Phase separation on timescales of ∼10 min is demonstrated once a thickness-dependent threshold ϕs value of ∼0.80-0.86 is achieved, resulting in lamellar feature spacings of over 190 nm. The threshold ϕs value was found to be greater for films with higher dry thickness (D 0) values. Tunability of the domain morphology is achieved through controlled variation of both D 0 and ϕs, with the kinetically unstable hexagonal perforated lamellar (HPL) phase observed at ϕs values of ∼0.67 and D 0 values of 59-110 nm. This HPL phase can be controllably induced into an order-order transition to a lamellar morphology upon further increase of ϕs to 0.80 or above. As confirmed by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, the lateral ordering of the lamellar domains is shown to improve with increasing ϕs up to a maximum value at which the films transition to a disordered state. Thicker films are shown to possess a higher maximum ϕs value before transitioning to a disordered state. The swelling rate is shown to moderately influence the lateral ordering of the phase-separated structures, while the amount of hold time at a particular value of ϕs does not notably enhance the phase separation process. These large period self-assembled lamellar domains are then employed to facilitate pattern transfer using a liquid-phase infiltration method, followed by plasma etching, generating ordered, high aspect ratio Si nanowall structures with spacings of ∼190 nm and heights of up to ∼500 nm. This work underpins the feasibility of a room-temperature, solvent-based annealing approach for the reliable and scalable fabrication of sub-wavelength nanostructures via BCP lithography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Selkirk
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nadezda Prochukhan
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ross Lundy
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cian Cummins
- CNRS,
Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 and CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal,
UMR 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac F-33600, France
| | - Riley Gatensby
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel Kilbride
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Andrew Parnell
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
| | - Jhonattan Baez Vasquez
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael Morris
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Parvaneh Mokarian-Tabari
- Advanced
Material and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The
University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dechnarong N, Kamitani K, Cheng CH, Masuda S, Nozaki S, Nagano C, Amamoto Y, Kojio K, Takahara A. In Situ Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Scattering Investigation of a Microphase-Separated Structure of Thermoplastic Elastomers under Uniaxial and Equi-Biaxial Deformation Modes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoshifumi Amamoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan X, Li J, Guo S. Temperature-Dependent Order-to-Order Transition of Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-block-polystyrene Triblock Copolymer under Multilayered Confinement. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zeng D, Ribbe A, Hayward RC. Anisotropic and Interconnected Nanoporous Materials from Randomly End-Linked Copolymer Networks. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zeng
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9263, United States
| | - Alexander Ribbe
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9263, United States
| | - Ryan C. Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9263, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mokarian-Tabari P, Senthamaraikannan R, Glynn C, Collins TW, Cummins C, Nugent D, O'Dwyer C, Morris MA. Large Block Copolymer Self-Assembly for Fabrication of Subwavelength Nanostructures for Applications in Optics. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2973-2978. [PMID: 28379701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces are common in nature and exhibit properties such as antireflectivity (moth eyes), self-cleaning (lotus leaf), iridescent colors (butterfly wings), and water harvesting (desert beetles). We now understand such properties and can mimic some of these natural structures in the laboratory. However, these synthetic structures are limited since they are not easily mass produced over large areas due to the limited scalability of current technologies such as UV-lithography, the high cost of infrastructure, and the difficulty in nonplanar surfaces. Here, we report a solution process based on block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly to fabricate subwavelength structures on large areas of optical and curved surfaces with feature sizes and spacings designed to efficiently scatter visible light. Si nanopillars (SiNPs) with diameters of ∼115 ± 19 nm, periodicity of 180 ± 18 nm, and aspect ratio of 2-15 show a reduction in reflectivity by a factor of 100, <0.16% between 400 and 900 nm at an angle of incidence of 30°. Significantly, the reflectivity remains below 1.75% up to incident angles of 75°. Modeling the efficiency of a SiNP PV suggests a 24.6% increase in efficiency, representing a 3.52% (absolute) or 16.7% (relative) increase in electrical energy output from the PV system compared to AR-coated device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mokarian-Tabari
- Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER) & CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork , Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Ramsankar Senthamaraikannan
- Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER) & CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork , Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Colm Glynn
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork , Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Timothy W Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork , Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Cian Cummins
- Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER) & CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David Nugent
- Elucidare Limited , Unit 9 Caxton House, Great Cambourne, CB23 6JN, U.K
| | - Colm O'Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork , Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- Micro-Nano Systems Centre, Tyndall National Institute , Lee Maltings, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Michael A Morris
- Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER) & CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Narayanan T, Wacklin H, Konovalov O, Lund R. Recent applications of synchrotron radiation and neutrons in the study of soft matter. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2016.1277212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Mukherjee A, Ankit K, Reiter A, Selzer M, Nestler B. Electric-field-induced lamellar to hexagonally perforated lamellar transition in diblock copolymer thin films: kinetic pathways. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25609-25620. [PMID: 27722519 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04903f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Symmetric block-copolymers, hitherto, are well known to evolve into parallel, perpendicular and mixed lamellar morphologies under the concomitant influence of an electric field and substrate affinity. In the present work, we show that an additional imposed confinement can effectuate a novel parallel lamellar to hexagonally perforated lamellar (HPL) transition in monolayer and bilayer films. Three dimensional numerical studies are performed using the Ohta-Kawasaki functional, complemented with an exact solution of Maxwell's equation. HPL is shown to stabilize at large substrate affinity in a narrow region of the phase diagram between parallel and perpendicular lamellar transitions in ultra-thin films. Additionally, we also identify perforated lamellae as intermediate structures during parallel-to-perpendicular lamellar transition. A systematic analysis using Minkowski functionals yields deeper insights into the associated kinetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Institute of Materials and Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestr. 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany. and Institute of Applied Materials - Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu str. 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kumar Ankit
- Institute of Applied Materials - Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu str. 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Institute of Applied Materials - Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu str. 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Selzer
- Institute of Materials and Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestr. 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany. and Institute of Applied Materials - Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu str. 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Nestler
- Institute of Materials and Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestr. 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany. and Institute of Applied Materials - Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu str. 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu J, Wang X, Ji Y, He L, Li S. Phase diagrams of diblock copolymers in electric fields: a self-consistent field theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10309-19. [PMID: 27020849 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08030d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the phase diagrams of diblock copolymers in external electrostatic fields by using real-space self-consistent field theory. The lamella, cylinder, sphere, and ellipsoid structures were observed and analyzed by their segment distributions, which were arranged to two types of phase diagrams to examine the phase behavior in weak and strong electric fields. One type was constructed on the basis of Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and volume fraction. We identified an ellipsoid structure with a body-centered cuboid arrangement as a stable phase and discussed the shift of phase boundaries in the electric fields. The other type of phase diagrams was established on the basis of the dielectric constants of two blocks in the electric fields. We then determined the regions of ellipsoid phase in the phase diagrams to examine the influence of dielectric constants on the phase transition between ellipsoidal and hexagonally packed cylinder phases. A general agreement was obtained by comparing our results with those described in previous experimental and theoretical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wu
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mukherjee A, Mukherjee R, Ankit K, Bhattacharya A, Nestler B. Influence of substrate interaction and confinement on electric-field-induced transition in symmetric block-copolymer thin films. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:032504. [PMID: 27078402 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.032504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we study morphologies arising due to competing substrate interaction, electric field, and confinement effects on a symmetric diblock copolymer. We employ a coarse-grained nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard phenomenological model taking into account the appropriate contributions of substrate interaction and electrostatic field. The proposed model couples the Ohta-Kawasaki functional with Maxwell equation of electrostatics, thus alleviating the need for any approximate solution used in previous studies. We calculate the phase diagram in electric-field-substrate strength space for different film thicknesses. In addition to identifying the presence of parallel, perpendicular, and mixed lamellae phases similar to analytical calculations, we also find a region in the phase diagram where hybrid morphologies (combination of two phases) coexist. These hybrid morphologies arise either solely due to substrate affinity and confinement or are induced due to the applied electric field. The dependence of the critical fields for transition between the various phases on substrate strength, film thickness, and dielectric contrast is discussed. Some preliminary 3D results are also presented to corroborate the presence of hybrid morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Institute of Materials Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestrasse 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu strasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rajdip Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, Kanpur, India
| | - Kumar Ankit
- Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu strasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Avisor Bhattacharya
- Institute of Materials Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestrasse 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu strasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Nestler
- Institute of Materials Processes, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestrasse 30, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Materials-Computational Materials Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Haid-und-Neu strasse 7, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|