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Bellini B, Willard JR, Cetindag S, Tsai EHR, Li R, Kisslinger K, Kumar SK, Doerk GS. Assembling Vertical Block Copolymer Nanopores via Solvent Vapor Annealing on Homopolymer-Functionalized Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35541-35553. [PMID: 38920286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing the self-assembly of block copolymers with large Flory-Huggins interaction parameters (χ) for nanofabrication is a formidable challenge due to the attendant large surface energy differences between the blocks. This work reports a robust protocol for the fabrication of thin films with highly ordered cylindrical nanopore arrays via the self-assembly of an asymmetric poly(styrene-block-4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) diblock copolymer blended with a P4VP homopolymer. The desired vertical domain orientation is achieved at the air-polymer interface by controlled solvent vapor annealing (SVA) using acetone, a solvent with weak selectivity for PS over P4VP, and at the substrate interface by functionalization using a hydroxy-terminated poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP-OH) homopolymer brush. In contrast, the vertical cylinder orientation is unstable during acetone SVA on substrates functionalized using hydroxy-terminated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-OH). Although PMMA exhibits more balanced interfacial energies between PS and P4VP than P2VP in the dry state, it is also swollen more selectively by acetone. We hypothesize that the nearly balanced solvent swelling of the three polymers (P2VP, P4VP, and PS) stabilizes the vertical cylinder orientation, while unbalanced swelling (PMMA > P4VP and PS) does not. We further characterize pore formation by addition of a P4VP homopolymer and its postassembly extraction using ethanol, revealing a narrow window of pore size tunability. Notably, minimal differences in nanopore morphologies are observed for P4VP volume fractions as high as 0.1, regardless of the P4VP molar mass. However, further increasing the P4VP volume fraction results in domain reorientation or macrophase separation when its molar mass is less than or greater than the P4VP block molar mass, respectively. Using a P4VP homopolymer that is nearly equal in length to the P4VP block enables the fabrication of well-ordered arrays of vertical, through-film nanopores with high aspect ratios (>10), small periods (<23 nm), and diameters less than 10 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bellini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | | - Semih Cetindag
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Esther H R Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Sanat K Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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Ren J, Yang X, Yan W, Feng X, Zhao Y, Chen L. mPEG-b-PES-b-mPEG-based candidate hemodialysis membrane with enhanced performance in sieving, flux, and hemocompatibility. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Landeke-Wilsmark B, Hägglund C. Metal nanoparticle arrays via a water-based lift-off scheme using a block copolymer template. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:325302. [PMID: 35579929 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac64b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metalnanoparticles(NPs) can exhibit unique electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. Highly ordered, dense arrays of non-close-packed, surface-supported metal NPs are thus of potential use in a wide range of applications. Implementing such arrays over large surfaces can, however, be both technologically challenging and prohibitively expensive using conventional top-down nanofabrication techniques. Moreover, many existing patterning methods are too harsh for sensitive substrate surfaces and their applications. To address this, we here investigate a fabrication protocol involving a water-based lift-off scheme in which the template pattern generation is rapidly and inexpensively achieved throughblock copolymer(BCP) self-assembly. A three-layer lift-off stack consisting of, from top to bottom, a poly(styrene-block-2-vinyl pyridine) template, a SiOxintermediate hardmask, and a water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol) sacrificial layer is employed in this endeavor.Solvent-induced surface reconstruction(SISR) is used to generate an initial surface topography in the BCP template which is subsequently transferred to the layers beneath in a sequence of reactive ion etching steps. Through judicious selection of stack materials and dry etch chemistries, a layered, high-aspect-ratio, nanoporous mask is thus implemented. After metal deposition, the mask and excess material are simply removed in a lift-off step by dissolving the bottommost sacrificial layer in water. The incorporation of an intermediate hardmask and a water-soluble sacrificial layer obviates the need for harmful and/or corrosive lift-off solvents and decouples the BCP self-assembly process from the influence of substrate properties. We demonstrate the generation of well-ordered arrays of Au NPs capable of supporting sharp, localized surface plasmon resonances. We also investigate improvements to large-scale uniformity, as this is found sensitive to the SISR termination step in the original protocol. Extensions of the technique to other BCP morphologies and materials deposited ought to be straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Landeke-Wilsmark
- Division of Solar Cell Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, PO Box 35, SE-75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Hägglund
- Division of Solar Cell Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, PO Box 35, SE-75103 Uppsala, Sweden
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Dai Q, Zhao Z, Shi M, Deng C, Zhang H, Li X. Ion conductive membranes for flow batteries: Design and ions transport mechanism. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ma D, Ye X, Li Z, Zhou J, Zhong D, Zhang C, Xiong S, Xia J, Wang Y. A facile process to prepare fouling-resistant ultrafiltration membranes: Spray coating of water-containing block copolymer solutions on macroporous substrates. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Hillmyer MA. Editorial. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ma D, Zhou J, Wang Z, Wang Y. Block copolymer ultrafiltration membranes by spray coating coupled with selective swelling. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhou J, Wang Y. Selective Swelling of Block Copolymers: An Upscalable Greener Process to Ultrafiltration Membranes? Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiemei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
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Gradient nanoporous phenolics filled in macroporous substrates for highly permeable ultrafiltration. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Zhou J, Zhang C, Shen C, Wang Y. Synthesis of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block- poly(styrene-alt-N-phenylmaleimide) and its thermo-tolerant nanoporous films prepared by selective swelling. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li J, Li S, Wang X, Fan F, Zhao K, Wei J, Zhang L, Zhu D. Biologically inspired silk fibroin grafted polyacrylonitrile filtration membrane prepared in ZnCl2 aqueous solution. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ogawa H, Takenaka M, Miyazaki T, Kabe T, Kanaya T. Order–Order Transition Processes of Thin-Film Symmetric and Asymmetric PS-b-P2VP during Spin Coating. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-001, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Miyazaki
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Taizo Kabe
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Toshiji Kanaya
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Ruan X, Zhang K, Jiang X, Zhang X, Yan X, Zhang N, He G. Facile fabrication of reinforced homoporous MF membranes by in situ breath figure and thermal adhesion method on substrates. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang Y, Xu X, Xu P, Feng X, Zhang Y, Fu F, Liu X. Controllable self-assembly of polystyrene-block
-poly(2-vinylpyridine). POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone; Hangzhou China
| | - Xinhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone; Hangzhou China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaobo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone; Hangzhou China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone; Hangzhou China
| | - Feiya Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone; Hangzhou China
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Shi X, Xu Z, Huang C, Wang Y, Cui Z. Selective Swelling of Electrospun Block Copolymers: From Perforated Nanofibers to High Flux and Responsive Ultrafiltration Membranes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiansong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- CRMI Technology Centre, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- CRMI Technology Centre, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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Tan X, Li J, Guo S. Temperature-Dependent Order-to-Order Transition of Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-block-polystyrene Triblock Copolymer under Multilayered Confinement. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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Shi X, Wang Z, Wang Y. Highly permeable nanoporous block copolymer membranes by machine-casting on nonwoven supports: An upscalable route. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Radjabian M, Abetz C, Fischer B, Meyer A, Lademann B, Abetz V. Structure Formation of Binary Blends of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers in Solution and in Bulk. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Radjabian
- Institute of Polymer Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Max-Planck-Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Clarissa Abetz
- Institute of Polymer Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Max-Planck-Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Birgit Fischer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Brigitte Lademann
- Institute of Polymer Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Max-Planck-Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Polymer Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Max-Planck-Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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Wang Y. Nondestructive Creation of Ordered Nanopores by Selective Swelling of Block Copolymers: Toward Homoporous Membranes. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1401-8. [PMID: 27349573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pores regulate the entry and exit of substances based on the differences in physical sizes or chemical affinities. Pore uniformity, ordering, and the homogeneity of the surface chemistry of the pore walls are vital for maximizing the performance of a porous material because any scattering in these parameters weakens the capability of pores to discriminate foreign substances. Most strategies for the creation of homogeneous pores are destructive, and sacrificial components in the precursor materials must be selectively removed to generate porosities. The incorporation and subsequent removal of the sacrificial components frequently make the pore-making process complicated and inefficient and impose greater uncertainty in the control of the pore homogeneity. Block copolymers (BCPs) have been demonstrated to be promising precursors in the fabrication of highly ordered nanoporous structures. Unfortunately, BCP-derived porosities are also predominantly dependent on destructive pore-making processes (e.g., etching or extraction). To address this problem, we have developed a swelling-based nondestructive strategy. In this swelling process, one simply needs to immerse BCP materials in a solvent selective for the minority blocks for hours. After removing the BCPs from the solvent followed by air drying, pores are generated throughout the BCP materials in the positions where the minority blocks initially dwell. This Account discusses our recent discoveries, new insights, and emerging applications of this burgeoning pore-making method with a focus on the development of ordered porosities in bulk BCP materials. The initial morphology and orientation of the minority phases in BCPs determine the pore orientation and geometry in the produced porous materials. For nonaligned BCPs, three-dimensionally interconnected pores with sizes scattering in the 10-50 nm range are produced after swelling. There is a morphology evolution of BCP materials from the initial nonporous structure to the increasingly opened nanoporous intermediates, to interconnected networks of micellar nanofibers, and finally to isolated micellar spheres with increasing degrees of swelling. When the BCP films are aligned perpendicularly or in-plane, selective swelling results in uniform "standing" (perpendicular orientation) and "sleeping" (in-plane orientation) pores, respectively. Pore sizes can be tuned by changing molecular weights of the BCPs and swelling conditions without the loss of pore uniformity. Due to the nondestructive nature of this swelling process, nothing in the BCPs is lost during the pore-forming procedure, and consequently the formed pores can be progressively closed also by selective swelling. Such reversible pore opening/closing can be repeated many times, enabling the application of these materials in drug delivery and intelligent antireflective coatings. The monodispersed pore sizes, straight pore profile, and hydrophilic pore walls particularly favor the application of the porous BCPs in separations as homoporous membranes (HOMEs) exhibiting high selectivity, permeability, and inherent stimulus responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center
for Advanced Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Huo X, Lan Q, Wang Y. In Situ Cavitation of Phenolic Supramolecules with PEO–PPO–PEO Block Copolymers by Friedel–Crafts Alkylation toward Ordered Nanoporous Polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xikang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Specialized
Membranes, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced
Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Specialized
Membranes, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced
Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Specialized
Membranes, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced
Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Wang Z, Wang Y. Highly Permeable and Robust Responsive Nanoporous Membranes by Selective Swelling of Triblock Terpolymers with a Rubbery Block. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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