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Mikhaylov PA, Zuev KV, Golubev YV, Kulichikhin VG. Fully Aromatic Thermotropic Copolyesters Based on Vanillic, Hydroxybenzoic, and Hydroxybiphenylcarboxylic Acids. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1501. [PMID: 38891448 PMCID: PMC11174360 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Several series of new polymers were synthesized in this study: binary copolyesters of vanillic (VA) and 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic (HBCA) acids, as well as ternary copolyesters additionally containing 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and obtained via three different ways (in solution, in melt, and in solid state). The high values of logarithmic intrinsic viscosities and the insolubility of several samples proved their high molecular weights. It was found that the use of vanillic acid leads to the production of copolyesters with a relatively high glass transition temperature (~130 °C). Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the onset of weight loss temperatures of ternary copolyesters occurred at 330-350 °C, and the temperature of 5% mass loss was in the range of 390-410 °C. Two-stage thermal destruction was observed for all aromatic copolyesters of vanillic acid: decomposition began with VA units at 420-480 °C, and then the decomposition of more heat-resistant units took place above 520 °C. The copolyesters were thermotropic and exhibited a typical nematic type of liquid crystalline order. The mechanical characteristics of the copolyesters were similar to those of semi-aromatic copolyesters, but they were much lower than the typical values for fully aromatic thermotropic polymers. Thus, vanillic acid is a mesogenic monomer suitable for the synthesis of thermotropic fully aromatic and semi-aromatic copolyesters, but the processing temperature must not exceed 280 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Mikhaylov
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (TIPS RAS), 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (Y.V.G.); (V.G.K.)
| | - Kirill V. Zuev
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences (TIPS RAS), 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (Y.V.G.); (V.G.K.)
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Higuchi Y, Ishimaru H, Yoshikawa T, Masuda T, Sakamoto C, Kamimura N, Masai E, Takeuchi D, Sonoki T. Successful selective production of vanillic acid from depolymerized sulfite lignin and its application to poly(ethylene vanillate) synthesis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129450. [PMID: 37406831 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Towards lignin upgrading, vanillic acid (VA), a lignin-derived guaiacyl compound, was produced from sulfite lignin for successfully synthesizing poly(ethylene vanillate), an aromatic polymer. The engineered Sphingobium sp. SYK-6-based strain in which the genes responsible for VA/3-O-methyl gallic acid O-demethylase and syringic acid O-demethylase were disrupted was able to produce vanillic acid (VA) from the mixture consisting of acetovanillone, vanillin, VA, and other low-molecular-weight aromatics obtained by Cu(OH)2-catalyzed alkaline depolymerization of sulfite lignin and membrane fractionation. From the bio-based VA, methyl-4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoate was synthesized via methylesterification, hydroxyethylation, and distillation, and then it was subjected to polymerization catalyzed by titanium tetraisopropoxide. The molecular weight of the obtained poly(ethylene vanillate) was evaluated to be Mw = 13,000 (Mw/Mn = 1.99) and its melting point was 261°C. The present work proved that poly(ethylene vanillate) is able to be synthesized using VA produced from lignin for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Higuchi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ishimaru
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takao Masuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Chiho Sakamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kamimura
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Eiji Masai
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Tomonori Sonoki
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan.
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Synergistic interaction of renewable nipagin and eugenol for aromatic copoly(ether ester) materials with desired performance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24119. [PMID: 34916589 PMCID: PMC8677751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring nipagin and eugenol were used as the collaborative starting materials for poly(ether ester) polymers. In this study, two series of nipagin and eugenol-derived copoly(ether ester)s, PHN11−xE1x and PHN11−xE2x (x = 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%), were prepared with renewable 1,6-hexanediol as a comonomer. The nipagin-derived component acts as the renewable surrogate of petroleum-based dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), while the eugenol-derived component acts as the cooperative property modifier of parent homopoly(ether ester) PHN1. 1,6-Hexanediol was chosen as the spacer because of its renewability, high boiling point, and short chain to enhance the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of materials. The molecular weights and chemical structures were confirmed by gel permeation chromatograph (GPC), NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. Thermal and crystalline properties were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD). The tensile assays were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties. The results suggested that properties of this kind of poly(ether ester)s could be finely tuned by the relative content of two components for the desired applications (elastomer, rubbery) suitable for different scenarios from polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).
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Kasmi N, Papadopoulos L, Chebbi Y, Papageorgiou GZ, Bikiaris DN. Effective and facile solvent-free synthesis route to novel biobased monomers from vanillic acid: Structure–thermal property relationships of sustainable polyesters. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effect of the uniaxial orientation on the polymer/filler nanocomposites using phosphonate-modified single-walled carbon nanotube with hydro- or fluorocarbons. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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de Kort GW, Rastogi S, Wilsens CHRM. Controlling Processing, Morphology, and Mechanical Performance in Blends of Polylactide and Thermotropic Polyesters. Macromolecules 2019; 52:6005-6017. [PMID: 31543551 PMCID: PMC6748672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic composites based on thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) materials are interesting candidates for reinforced composite application due to their promising mechanical performance and potential for recyclability. In combination with a societal push toward the more sustainable use of materials, these properties warrant new interest in this class of composites. Though numerous studies have been performed in the past, a coherent set of design rules for LCP design for the generation of injection-molded reinforced thermoplastic composites is not yet available, likely due to the complex interplay between LCP and matrix components. In this study, we report on the processing of poly(l-lactide) with two different LCPs, at relatively low processing temperatures. The study focuses on critical parameters for the morphological development and mechanical performance of LCP-reinforced composites. The influence of blend composition and the processing conditions, on the mechanical response of the composites, is investigated using rheology, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, mechanical analysis, and microscopy techniques. The study conclusively demonstrates that both the matrix viscosity and viscosity ratio between the dispersed and matrix phase, determine the deformation and breakup of the dispersed LCP droplets during extrusion. In addition, the thermal dependence of the viscosity ratio appears to be a critical parameter for the composite performance after injection molding. For example, during injection molding, stretching and molecular orientation of the LCP phase into highly oriented fibrils are prevented when the viscosity ratio increases rapidly upon cooling. In contrast, melt drawing proves to be a more effective processing route as the extensional flow field stabilizes elongated droplets, independent of the viscosity ratio. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights in the morphological development of LCP-reinforced blends, highlighting the importance of the development of viscoelastic properties as a function of temperature, and provide guidelines for the design of new LCP polymers and their thermoplastic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs W de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wilson JA, Ates Z, Pflughaupt RL, Dove AP, Heise A. Polymers from macrolactones: From pheromones to functional materials. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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De Kort GW, Leoné N, Stellamanns E, Auhl D, Wilsens CHRM, Rastogi S. Effect of Shear Rate on the Orientation and Relaxation of a Vanillic Acid Based Liquid Crystalline Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10090935. [PMID: 30960860 PMCID: PMC6403774 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on the visco-elastic response during start-up and cessation of shear of a novel bio-based liquid crystal polymer. The ensuing morphological changes are analyzed at different length scales by in-situ polarized optical microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Upon inception of shear, the polydomain texture is initially stretched, at larger strain break up processes become increasingly important, and eventually a steady state texture is obtained. The shear stress response showed good coherence between optical and rheo-X-ray data. The evolution of the orientation parameter coincides with the evolution of the texture: the order parameter increases as the texture stretches, drops slightly in the break up regime, and reaches a constant value in the plateau regime. The relaxation of the shear stress and the polydomain texture showed two distinct processes with different timescales: The first is fast contraction of the stretched domain texture; the second is the slow coalescence of the polydomain texture. The timescale of the orientation parameter’s relaxation matched with that of the slow coalescence process. All processes were found to scale with shear rate in the tested regime. These observations can have far reaching implications for the processing of liquid crystal polymers as they indicate that increased shear rates during processing can correspond to an increased relaxation rate of the orientation parameter and, therefore, a decrease in anisotropy and material properties after cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs W De Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Stellamanns
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Auhl
- Technische Universität Berlin; Fachgebiet Polymertechnik/Polymerphysik, Sekr. PTK Fasanenstr. 90, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
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Ziemba AM, Lane KP, San Segundo IM, D'Amato AR, Mason AK, Sexton RJ, Casajus H, Gross RA, Corr DT, Gilbert RJ. Poly-l-lactic acid- co-poly(pentadecalactone) Electrospun Fibers Result in Greater Neurite Outgrowth of Chick Dorsal Root Ganglia in Vitro Compared to Poly-l-lactic Acid Fibers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1491-1497. [PMID: 33445306 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) fiber scaffolds are used to direct axonal extension in neural engineering models. We aimed to improve the efficacy of these fibers in promoting neurite outgrowth by altering surface topography and reducing fiber elastic modulus through the incorporation of a compatibilized blend, poly-l-lactic acid-poly(pentadecalactone) (PLLA-PPDL) into the solution prior to electrospinning. PLLA+PLLA-PPDL fibers had a larger diameter, increased surface nanotopography, and lower glass transition temperature than PLLA fibers but had similar mechanical properties. Increases in neurite outgrowth on PLLA+PLLA-PPDL fibers were observed, potentially due to the significantly increased diameter and surface coverage with nanotopography. Ultimately, these results suggest that greater electrospun fiber diameter and surface topography may contribute to increases in neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Ziemba
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Keith P Lane
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | - Anthony R D'Amato
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | | | | | - Richard A Gross
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Zhou SY, Niu B, Xie XL, Ji X, Zhong GJ, Hsiao BS, Li ZM. Interfacial Shish-Kebabs Lengthened by Coupling Effect of In Situ Flexible Nanofibrils and Intense Shear Flow: Achieving Hierarchy To Conquer the Conflicts between Strength and Toughness of Polylactide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10148-10159. [PMID: 28252280 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of hitherto elaborating a feasible pathway to overcome the conflicts between strength and toughness of polylactide (PLA) still remains among academia and industry. In the current work, a unique hierarchal structure of flexible poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) in situ nanofibrils integrating with abundant PLA shish-kebabs as a strong building block was disclosed and expresses its capability to conquer this dilemma. Substantially simultaneous enhancement on tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break could be achieved up to 91.2 MPa, 14.9 KJ/m2, and 15.7%, respectively, compared with pure PLA (61.5 MPa, 4.3 KJ/m2, and 6.2%). Through investigating the phase (and crystalline) morphology and molecular chain behavior in the PLA/PBAT system, the formation mechanism of this structure facilitated by a coupling effect of PBAT flexible phase and shear flow was definitely elucidated. The dispersed phase of PBAT would be more inclined to existing as a fibrillar form within the PLA matrix benefiting from low interfacial tension. Interestingly, this phase morphology with large specific surface area changes the crystallization behavior of PLA significantly, once introducing an intense shear flow (∼103 s-1), in situ shear-formed nanofibrils of PBAT would show strong coupling effect with shear flow on PLA crystallization: they can not only induce abundant shish-kebabs of PLA at its interfaces, which possesses lengthened shish and more densely arranged kebabs, but also further retard the relaxation of PLA chains through hysteretic relaxation of its PBAT phase, which can effectively prevent the collapse of established shish. Of immense significance is this particular hierarchical-architecture composed by flexible nanofibers (PBAT) and rigid shish-kebabs (PLA), which provides significant guidance for the simultaneous reinforcement and toughness of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yang Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Ben Niu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Xu-Long Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Xu Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Gan-Ji Zhong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan China
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Wang Y, Lu G, Wang W, Cao M, Luo Z, Shao N, Wang B. Molecular design and synthesis of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(amide imide)s with high thermal stability and solubility. E-POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2016-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA series of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(amide imide)s (PAIs) with well-defined structure were prepared by the Yamazaki-Higashi phosphorylation method. To obtain the target polymers, several diimide diacid monomers (DIDAs) as mesogenic units were synthesized by the dehydration cyclization of aromatic anhydride with aliphatic 11-aminoundecanoic acid (AU). The chemical structure of these DIDAs and PAIs was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Thermotropic liquid crystalline characteristics of the DIDAs and PAIs were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing light microscopy (PLM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Encouragingly, all of these liquid crystalline PAIs exhibited good thermal stability, in which the decomposition temperatures are much higher than the melting temperatures of PAIs. Furthermore, the liquid crystalline PAIs can be dissolved into some common solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and m-cresol, which indicates these liquid crystalline PAIs could be processed not only by melting-processing but also by solution spin-coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wang
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangming Lu
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng Cao
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ningning Shao
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu Province, China
- 2Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu Province, China, Tel.: +86 519 8633 0075
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