1
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Brisson ERL, Worthington MJH, Kerai S, Müllner M. Nanoscale polymer discs, toroids and platelets: a survey of their syntheses and potential applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1984-2021. [PMID: 38173417 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01114f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Polymer self-assembly has become a reliable and versatile workhorse to produce polymeric nanomaterials. With appropriate polymer design and monomer selection, polymers can assemble into shapes and morphologies beyond well-studied spherical and cylindrical micellar structures. Steadfast access to anisotropic polymer nanoparticles has meant that the fabrication and application of 2D soft matter has received increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we focus on nanoscale polymer discs, toroids, and platelets: three morphologies that are often interrelated and made from similar starting materials or common intermediates. For each morphology, we illustrate design rules, and group and discuss commonly used self-assembly strategies. We further highlight polymer compositions, fundamental principles and self-assembly conditions that enable precision in bottom-up fabrication strategies. Finally, we summarise potential applications of such nanomaterials, especially in the context of biomedical research and template chemistry and elaborate on future endeavours in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R L Brisson
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Max J H Worthington
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Simran Kerai
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia
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2
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Deng Y, Schäfer S, Kronstein D, Atabay A, Susewind M, Krieg E, Seiffert S, Gaitzsch J. Amphiphilic Block Copolymers PEG- b-PMTCs: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, Degradation Properties and Biocompatibility. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:303-314. [PMID: 38039186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
As a hydrophilic cyclic ketene acetal (CKA), 2-methylene-1,3,6-trioxocane (MTC) has recently attracted a lot of attention owing to its ability to promote a quicker (bio)degradation as compared to other heavily studied CKAs. Here, we prepared amphiphilic block copolymers based on poly-MTC with varying chain lengths by radical ring opening polymerization. Self-assemblies of these amphiphiles were performed in PBS buffer to generate nanoparticles with sizes from 40 to 105 nm, which were verified by dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and static light scattering (Zimm plots). Subsequently, fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to study the enzymatic degradation of Nile red-loaded nanoparticles. By performing a point-by-point comparison of fluorescence intensity decline patterns between nanoparticles, we demonstrated that lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia was very efficient in degrading the nanoparticles. Hydrolysis degradations under basic conditions were also carried out, and a complete degradation was achieved after 4 h. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays were carried out on HEK293 cells, and the results affirmed cell viabilities over 90% when incubated with up to 1 mg/mL nanoparticles for 24 h. These biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles hence hold great potential for future applications such as drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Deng
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Devin Kronstein
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Azra Atabay
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Susewind
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisha Krieg
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Hardy C, Levere ME, Kociok-Köhn G, Buchard A. Radical Ring Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Ketene Acetals Derived From d-Glucal. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1443-1449. [PMID: 37824416 PMCID: PMC10666543 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A cyclic ketene acetal (CKA) derived from d-glucal was synthesized, and its polymerization using free radicals has been investigated. NMR analysis of the resulting polymers revealed the formation of polyacetal-polyester copolymers, with up to 78% of ester linkages formed by radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP). Conversely, the polymerization of the monomer-saturated analogue only produced acetal linkages, demonstrating that the alkene functionality within the d-glucal pyranose ring is essential to promote ring-opening and ester formation, likely via the stabilization of an allyl radical. The thermal properties of the polymers were linked to the ratio of the ester and acetal linkages. Copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) afforded statistically PMMA-rich copolymers (66-98%) with linkages prone to hydrolytic degradation and decreased glass-transition temperatures. The retention of the pseudoglucal alkene function offers opportunities to functionalize further these bioderived (co)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Hardy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Martin E. Levere
- Materials
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United
Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Materials
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United
Kingdom
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- University
of Bath Institute for Sustainability, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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4
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Balaji A, Bell CA, Houston ZH, Bridle KR, Genz B, Fletcher NL, Ramm GA, Thurecht KJ. Exploring the impact of severity in hepatic fibrosis disease on the intrahepatic distribution of novel biodegradable nanoparticles targeted towards different disease biomarkers. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122318. [PMID: 37708659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (DDS) have shown promising results in reversing hepatic fibrosis, a common pathological basis of chronic liver diseases (CLDs), in preclinical animal models. However, none of these nanoparticle formulations has transitioned to clinical usage and there are currently no FDA-approved drugs available for liver fibrosis. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the challenges faced by nanoparticles in this complex disease setting. Here, we have systematically studied the impact of targeting strategy, the degree of macrophage infiltration during fibrosis, and the severity of fibrosis, on the liver uptake and intrahepatic distribution of nanocarriers. When tested in mice with advanced liver fibrosis, we demonstrated that the targeting ligand density plays a significant role in determining the uptake and retention of the nanoparticles in the fibrotic liver whilst the type of targeting ligand modulates the trafficking of these nanoparticles into the cell population of interest - activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs). Engineering the targeting strategy indeed reduced the uptake of nanoparticles in typical mononuclear phagocyte (MPS) cell populations, but not the infiltrated macrophages. Meanwhile, additional functionalization may be required to enhance the efficacy of DDS in end-stage fibrosis/cirrhosis compared to early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunpandian Balaji
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig A Bell
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zachary H Houston
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim R Bridle
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4120, Australia
| | - Berit Genz
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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5
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Bideplán-Moyano C, Lo Fiego MJ, Calmels JJ, Alonso B, Radivoy G, Ruiz-Molina D, Mancebo-Aracil J, Nador F. Design and synthesis of unnatural coordination glycopolymer particles (CGPs): unleashing the potential of catechol-saccharide derivatives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27491-27500. [PMID: 37711379 PMCID: PMC10499112 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05316d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study unveils an innovative methodology that merges catechols with mono- and disaccharides, yielding a diverse array of compounds. This strategic fusion achieves robust yields and introduces ligands with a dual nature: encompassing both the chelating attributes of catechols and the recognition capabilities of carbohydrates. This synergistic design led us to couple one of the novel ligands with an Fe(iii) salt, resulting in the creation of Coordination Glycopolymer Particles (CGPs). These CGPs demonstrate remarkable qualities, boasting outstanding dispersion in both aqueous media and Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) solution (pH ∼7.4) at higher concentrations (0.26 mg μL-1). Displaying an average Z-size of approximately 55 nm and favourable polydispersity indices (<0.25), these particles exhibit exceptional stability, maintaining their integrity over prolonged periods and temperature variations. Notably, they retain their superior dispersion and stability even when subjected to freezing or heating to 40 °C, making them exceptionally viable for driving biological assays. In contrast to established methods for synthesizing grafted glycopolymers, where typically a glycopolymer is doped with catechol derivatives to create synergy between chelating properties and those inherent to the saccharide, our approach provides a more efficient and versatile pathway for generating CGPs. This involves combining catechols and carbohydrates within a single molecule, enabling the fine-tuning of organic structure from a monomer design step and subsequently transferring these properties to the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Bideplán-Moyano
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET) - NANOSYN, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marcos J Lo Fiego
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET) - GIQOS. Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Juan José Calmels
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET) - NANOSYN, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Belén Alonso
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET) - NANOSYN, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriel Radivoy
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET) - NANOSYN, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Molina
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan Mancebo-Aracil
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET) - NANOSYN, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Fabiana Nador
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET) - NANOSYN, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) Av. Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires Argentina
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6
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Pesenti T, Domingo-Lopez D, Gillon E, Ibrahim N, Messaoudi S, Imberty A, Nicolas J. Degradable Glycopolyester-like Nanoparticles by Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4015-4028. [PMID: 35971824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A small library of degradable polyester-like glycopolymers was successfully prepared by the combination of radical ring-opening copolymerization of 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane as a cyclic ketene acetal (CKA) with vinyl ether (VE) derivatives and a Pd-catalyzed thioglycoconjugation. The resulting thioglycopolymers were formulated into self-stabilized thioglyconanoparticles, which were stable up to 4 months and were enzymatically degraded. Nanoparticles and their degradation products exhibited a good cytocompatibility on two healthy cell lines. Interactions between thioglyconanoparticles and lectins were investigated and highlighted the presence of both specific carbohydrate/lectin interactions and nonspecific hydrophobic interactions. Fluorescent thioglyconanoparticles were also prepared either by encapsulation of Nile red or by the functionalization of the polymer backbone with rhodamine B. Such nanoparticles were used to prove the cell internalization of the thioglyconanoparticles by lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, which underlined the great potential of P(CKA-co-VE) copolymers for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Pesenti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Daniel Domingo-Lopez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Emilie Gillon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nada Ibrahim
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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7
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Zhu C, Nicolas J. (Bio)degradable and Biocompatible Nano-Objects from Polymerization-Induced and Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3043-3080. [PMID: 35707964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) and crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) techniques have emerged as powerful approaches to produce a broad range of advanced synthetic nano-objects with high potential in biomedical applications. PISA produces nano-objects of different morphologies (e.g., spheres, vesicles and worms), with high solids content (∼10-50 wt %) and without additional surfactant. CDSA can finely control the self-assembly of block copolymers and readily forms nonspherical crystalline nano-objects and more complex, hierarchical assemblies, with spatial and dimensional control over particle length or surface area, which is typically difficult to achieve by PISA. Considering the importance of these two assembly techniques in the current scientific landscape of block copolymer self-assembly and the craze for their use in the biomedical field, this review will focus on the advances in PISA and CDSA to produce nano-objects suitable for biomedical applications in terms of (bio)degradability and biocompatibility. This review will therefore discuss these two aspects in order to guide the future design of block copolymer nanoparticles for future translation toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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8
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Bossion A, Zhu C, Guerassimoff L, Mougin J, Nicolas J. Vinyl copolymers with faster hydrolytic degradation than aliphatic polyesters and tunable upper critical solution temperatures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2873. [PMID: 35610204 PMCID: PMC9130262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl polymers are the focus of intensive research due to their ease of synthesis and the possibility of making well-defined, functional materials. However, their non-degradability leads to environmental problems and limits their use in biomedical applications, allowing aliphatic polyesters to still be considered as the gold standards. Radical ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals is considered the most promising approach to impart degradability to vinyl polymers. However, these materials still exhibit poor hydrolytic degradation and thus cannot yet compete with traditional polyesters. Here we show that a simple copolymerization system based on acrylamide and cyclic ketene acetals leads to well-defined and cytocompatible copolymers with faster hydrolytic degradation than that of polylactide and poly(lactide-co-glycolide). Moreover, by changing the nature of the cyclic ketene acetal, the copolymers can be either water-soluble or can exhibit tunable upper critical solution temperatures relevant for mild hyperthermia-triggered drug release. Amphiphilic diblock copolymers deriving from this system can also be formulated into degradable, thermosensitive nanoparticles by an all-water nanoprecipitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Bossion
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Chen Zhu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Léa Guerassimoff
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julie Mougin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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9
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Su L, Feng Y, Wei K, Xu X, Liu R, Chen G. Carbohydrate-Based Macromolecular Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10950-11029. [PMID: 34338501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into two categories: Carbohydrates as matter and carbohydrates as information. As matter, carbohydrates are abundantly present in the extracellular matrix of animals and cell walls of various plants, bacteria, fungi, etc., serving as scaffolds. Some commonly found polysaccharides are featured as biocompatible materials with controllable rigidity and functionality, forming polymeric biomaterials which are widely used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. As information, carbohydrates are usually referred to the glycans from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, which bind to proteins or other carbohydrates, thereby meditating the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These glycans could be simplified as synthetic glycopolymers, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, which could be afforded through polymerization, multistep synthesis, or a semisynthetic strategy. The information role of carbohydrates can be demonstrated not only as targeting reagents but also as immune antigens and adjuvants. The latter are also included in this review as they are always in a macromolecular formulation. In this review, we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials since 2010 while emphasizing the fundamental understanding to guide the rational design of biomaterials. Carbohydrate-based macromolecules on the basis of their resources and chemical structures will be discussed, including naturally occurring polysaccharides, naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, glycopolymers/glycodendrimers, supramolecular glycopolymers, and synthetic glycolipids/glycoproteins. Multiscale structure-function relationships in several major application areas, including delivery systems, tissue engineering, and immunology, will be detailed. We hope this review will provide valuable information for the development of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials and build a bridge between the carbohydrates as matter and the carbohydrates as information to promote new biomaterial design in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Yingle Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Department of Materials meet Life, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Xuyang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Ganda S, Wong CK, Stenzel MH. Corona-Loading Strategies for Crystalline Particles Made by Living Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ganda
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chin Ken Wong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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11
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Pelras T, Loos K. Strategies for the synthesis of sequence-controlled glycopolymers and their potential for advanced applications. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Tavares MR, Pechar M, Chytil P, Etrych T. Polymer-Based Drug-Free Therapeutics for Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibacterial Treatment. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100135. [PMID: 34008348 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the area of biomedicinal polymers, which serve as nanomedicines even though they do not contain any anticancer or antiinflammatory drugs. These polymer nanomedicines with unique design are in the literature highlighted as a novel class of therapeutics called "drug-free macromolecular therapeutics." Their therapeutic efficacy is based on the tailored multiple presentations of biologically active vectors, i.e., peptides, oligopeptides, or oligosaccharides. Thus, they enable, for example, to directly induce the apoptosis of malignant cells by the crosslinking of surface slowly internalizing receptors, or to deplete the efficacy of tumor-associated proteins. The precise biorecognition of natural binding motifs by multiple vectors on the polymer construct remains the crucial part in the designing of these drug-free nanomedicines. Here, the rationales, designs, synthetic approaches, and therapeutic potential of drug-free macromolecular therapeutics consisting of various active vectors are described in detail. Recent developments and achievements for namely B-cell lymphoma treatment, Gal-3-positive tumors, inflammative liver injury, and bacterial treatment are reviewed and highlighted. Finally, a possible future prospect within this highly exciting new field of nanomedicine research is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rodrigues Tavares
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 6, 162 06, Czechia
| | - Michal Pechar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 6, 162 06, Czechia
| | - Petr Chytil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 6, 162 06, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague, 6, 162 06, Czechia
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13
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Saxena S, Kandasubramanian B. Glycopolymers in molecular recognition, biomimicking and glycotechnology: a review. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shatakshi Saxena
- Centre for Converging Technologies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune, India
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14
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Pesenti T, Nicolas J. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Degradable Polymers from Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Latest Advances, New Directions, and Ongoing Challenges. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1812-1835. [PMID: 35653672 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP) allows facile incorporation of labile groups (e.g., ester) into the main chain of vinyl polymers to obtain (bio)degradable materials. rROP has focused a lot of attention especially since the advent of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques and is still incredibly moving forward, as attested by the numerous achievements in terms of monomer synthesis, macromolecular engineering, and potential biomedical applications of the resulting degradable polymers. In the present Viewpoint, we will cover the latest progress made in rROP in the last ∼5 years, such as its recent directions, its remaining limitations, and the ongoing challenges. More specifically, this will be achieved through the three different classes of monomers that recently caught most of the attention: cyclic ketene acetals (CKA), thionolactones, and macrocyclic monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Pesenti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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15
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Updating radical ring-opening polymerisation of cyclic ketene acetals from synthesis to degradation. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Joubert F, Pasparakis G. Well‐defined backbone degradable polymer–drug conjugates synthesized by reversible
addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer
polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Joubert
- School of PharmacyUniversity College London London United Kingdom
| | - George Pasparakis
- School of PharmacyUniversity College London London United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Patras Caratheodory 1, Patras Greece
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17
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Abstract
This review discusses the history of reversible-deactivation radical ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals, focusing on the preparation of degradable complex polymeric architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Jackson
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Engineering (A*Star)
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES)
- Functional Molecules and Polymers (FMP) Division
- Jurong Island
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18
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Piloni A, Cao C, Garvey CJ, Walther A, Stenzel MH. Poly(4‐vinyl imidazole): A pH‐Responsive Trigger for Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Multicompartment Micelles Based upon Triblock Terpolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Piloni
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemistry University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cheng Cao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemistry University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Australia Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation ANSTO Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Garvey
- Australia Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation ANSTO Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Strasse 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Strasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemistry University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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19
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Guégain E, Zhu C, Giovanardi E, Nicolas J. Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (rROPISA). Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Guégain
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Chen Zhu
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Erika Giovanardi
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
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20
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Dai G, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. Biodegradable Poly(ester- co-acrylate) with Antifoulant Pendant Groups for Marine Anti-Biofouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11947-11953. [PMID: 30843679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymer resins are critical for marine anti-biofouling coatings. In this study, degradable poly(ester- co-acrylate) with antifoulant pendant groups has been prepared by the radical ring-opening polymerization of 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane, methyl methacrylate, and N-methacryloyloxy methyl benzoisothiazolinone. Such a polymer containing main-chain esters can hydrolytically and enzymatically degrade. Both degradation rates increase with main-chain ester content. Moreover, since the antifoulant groups are chemically grafted to the degradable main chain, their release can be controlled by the degradation besides the hydrolysis of side groups. Our study shows that the copolymer coating is efficient in inhibiting the accumulation of marine bacterial biofilm of Pseudomonas sp. and diatom Navicular incerta. Marine field test reveals that the copolymer has excellent efficiency in preventing biofouling for more than 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiong Dai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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21
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Fukuda T, Tsuji S, Miura Y. Glycopolymer preparation via post-polymerization modification using N-succinimidyl monomers. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Xu P, Huang X, Pan X, Li N, Zhu J, Zhu X. Hyperbranched Polycaprolactone through RAFT Polymerization of 2-Methylene-1,3-dioxepane. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020318. [PMID: 30960302 PMCID: PMC6419385 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched polycaprolactone with controlled structure was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical ring-opening polymerization along with self-condensed vinyl polymerization (SCVP) of 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO). Vinyl 2-[(ethoxycarbonothioyl) sulfanyl] propanoate (ECTVP) was used as polymerizable chain transfer agent. Living polymerization behavior was proved via pseudo linear kinetics, the molecular weight of polymers increasing with conversion and successful chain extension. The structure of polymers was characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, tripe detection gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymer composition was shown to be able to tune to vary the amount of ester repeat units in the polymer backbone, and hence determine the degree of branching. As expected, the degree of crystallinity was lower and the rate of degradation was faster in cases of increasing the number of branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Jiangsu Litian Technology Co. Ltd., Rudong County, Jiangsu 226407, China.
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Na Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Global Institute of Software Technology, No 5. Qingshan Road, Suzhou National Hi-Tech District, Suzhou 215163, China.
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23
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Tran J, Pesenti T, Cressonnier J, Lefay C, Gigmes D, Guillaneuf Y, Nicolas J. Degradable Copolymer Nanoparticles from Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization between Cyclic Ketene Acetals and Vinyl Ethers. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:305-317. [PMID: 30540444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO) and different vinyl ether (VE) monomers were successfully copolymerized by free-radical radical ring-opening copolymerization (rROP) to yield P(MDO- co-VE) copolymers with Mn = 7 000-13 000 g·mol-1 and high molar fractions of MDO ( FMDO = 0.7-0.9). By using VE derivatives of different aqueous solubilities or by grafting PEG chains onto the copolymers by "click" chemistry via azide-containing VE units, hydrophobic, amphiphilic and water-soluble copolymers were obtained. The different copolymers were then formulated into nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation using Pluronics for hydrophobic copolymers, without surfactant for amphiphilic copolymers, or blended with PMDO for water-soluble copolymers. Most of the copolymers led to nanoparticles with average diameters in the 130-250 nm with narrow particle size distributions and satisfying colloidal stability for a period of at least 1-2 weeks and up to 6 months. The copolymers were successfully degraded under accelerated, hydrolytic or enzymatic conditions. Hydrophobic copolymers led to degradation kinetics in PBS similar to that of PCL and complete degradation (-95% in Mn decrease) was observed in the presence of enzymes (lipases). Preliminary cytotoxicity assays were performed on endothelial cells (HUVEC) and macrophages (J774.A1) and revealed high cell viabilities at 0.1 mg·mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tran
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément , F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex , France
| | - Théo Pesenti
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément , F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex , France
| | - Jonathan Cressonnier
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément , F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex , France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix Marseille Univ. , CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, Marseille 13397 France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ. , CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, Marseille 13397 France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix Marseille Univ. , CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, Marseille 13397 France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément , F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex , France
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24
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Folini J, Huang CH, Anderson JC, Meier WP, Gaitzsch J. Novel monomers in radical ring-opening polymerisation for biodegradable and pH responsive nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01103j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the first amine-bearing cyclic ketene acetals (CKAs) for radical ring-opening polymerisation (RROP). The resulting polyesters and their corresponding nanoparticles were biodegradable and showed the desired pH sensitive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Folini
- Departement Chemie
- Universität Basel
- 4058 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Chao-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
| | | | | | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Departement Chemie
- Universität Basel
- 4058 Basel
- Switzerland
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
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25
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26
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Guégain E, Tran J, Deguettes Q, Nicolas J. Degradable polymer prodrugs with adjustable activity from drug-initiated radical ring-opening copolymerization. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8291-8306. [PMID: 30542578 PMCID: PMC6240899 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradable polymer prodrugs based on gemcitabine (Gem) as an anticancer drug were synthesized by 'drug-initiated' nitroxide-mediated radical ring-opening copolymerization (NMrROP) of methacrylic esters and 2-methylene-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (MPDL). Different structural parameters were varied to determine the best biological performances: the nature of the monomer [i.e., oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA) or methyl methacrylate (MMA)], the nature of the Gem-polymer linker (i.e., amide or amide and diglycolate) and the MPDL content in the copolymer. Depending on the nature of the methacrylate monomer, two small libraries of water-soluble copolymer prodrugs and nanoparticles were obtained (M n ∼10 000 g mol-1, Đ = 1.1-1.5), which exhibited tunable hydrolytic degradation under accelerated conditions governed by the MPDL content. Drug-release profiles in human serum and in vitro anticancer activity on different cell lines enabled preliminary structure-activity relationships to be established. The cytotoxicity was independently governed by: (i) the MPDL content - the lower the MPDL content, the greater the cytotoxicity; (ii) the nature of the linker - the presence of a labile diglycolate linker enabled a greater Gem release compared to a simple amide bond and (iii) the hydrophilicity of the methacrylate monomer-OEGMA enabled a greater anticancer activity to be obtained compared to MMA-based polymer prodrugs. Remarkably, the optimal structural parameters enabled reaching the cytotoxic activity of the parent (free) drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Guégain
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud , CNRS UMR 8612 , Univ Paris-Sud , Faculté de Pharmacie , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry , France . ; Tel: +33 1 46 83 58 53 ; www.twitter.com/julnicolas
| | - Johanna Tran
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud , CNRS UMR 8612 , Univ Paris-Sud , Faculté de Pharmacie , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry , France . ; Tel: +33 1 46 83 58 53 ; www.twitter.com/julnicolas
| | - Quentin Deguettes
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud , CNRS UMR 8612 , Univ Paris-Sud , Faculté de Pharmacie , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry , France . ; Tel: +33 1 46 83 58 53 ; www.twitter.com/julnicolas
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud , CNRS UMR 8612 , Univ Paris-Sud , Faculté de Pharmacie , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry , France . ; Tel: +33 1 46 83 58 53 ; www.twitter.com/julnicolas
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27
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide has significant therapeutic potential that is continually being implicated in a variety of biochemical processes. This highlight article will present the benefits and opportunities in designing macromolecule based H2S donors. Emphasis will be on how design of polymer systems can help drive the development of H2S therapeutics. With a better range of donor systems this field will progress rapidly and new applications for H2S therapeutics will be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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28
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Revisiting monomer synthesis and radical ring opening polymerization of dimethylated MDO towards biodegradable nanoparticles for enzymes. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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29
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Lau UY, Pelegri-O'Day EM, Maynard HD. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Degradable Trehalose Glycopolymer Prepared by RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:10.1002/marc.201700652. [PMID: 29251372 PMCID: PMC5986558 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant need for new biodegradable protein stabilizing polymers. Herein, the synthesis of a polymer with trehalose side chains and hydrolytically degradable backbone esters and its evaluation for protein stabilization and cytotoxicity are described. Specifically, an alkene-containing parent polymer is synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, and thiolated trehalose is installed using a radical-initiated thiol-ene reaction. The stabilizing properties of the polymer are investigated by thermally stressing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is expressed and purified using a custom-designed G-CSF fusion protein with a polyhistidine-tagged maltose binding protein. The degradable polymer is shown to stabilize G-CSF to 66% after heating at 40 °C. Poly(5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (BMDO)-co-butyl methacrylate-trehalose) is degraded and its cellular compatibility is investigated. While the polymer is noncytotoxic, cytotoxic effects are observed from the degraded products in fibroblasts and murine myeloblasts. These data provide important information for future use of BMDO-containing trehalose glycopolymers for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uland Y Lau
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Emma M Pelegri-O'Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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30
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Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Wen X, Bai L, Wu Y. Hyperbranched Glycopolymers of 2-(α-d-Mannopyranose) Ethyl Methacrylate and N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide: Synthesis, Characterization and Multivalent Recognitions with Concanavalin A. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E171. [PMID: 30966207 PMCID: PMC6415052 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel hyperbranched poly[2-(α-d-mannopyranosyloxy) ethyl methacrylate-co-N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide] (HPManEMA-co-MBA) are synthesized via a reversible addition fragmentation polymerization (RAFT). The dosage ratios of linear and branch units are tuned to obtain different degree of branching (DB) in hyperbranched glycopolymers. The DB values are calculated according to the content of nitrogen, which are facilely determined by elemental analysis. The lectin-binding properties of HPManEMA-co-MBA to concanavalin A (ConA) are examined using a turbidimetric assay. The influence of defined DB value and molecular weight of HPManEMA-co-MBA on the clustering rate is studied. Notably, HPManEMA-co-MBAs display a low cytotoxicity in the MTT assay, thus are potential candidates for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Ying Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Libin Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, China.
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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31
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Guégain E, Michel JP, Boissenot T, Nicolas J. Tunable Degradation of Copolymers Prepared by Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization and Point-by-Point Comparison with Traditional Polyesters. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Guégain
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud,
UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, 5 rue
Jean-Baptiste Clément, Cedex
F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Michel
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud,
UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, 5 rue
Jean-Baptiste Clément, Cedex
F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Tanguy Boissenot
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud,
UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, 5 rue
Jean-Baptiste Clément, Cedex
F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud,
UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, 5 rue
Jean-Baptiste Clément, Cedex
F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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32
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Pramudya I, Kim C, Chung H. Synthesis and adhesion control of glucose-based bioadhesive via strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00339d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A glucose-based bioadhesive has been synthesized by radical polymerization. The adhesion was significantly enhanced by biologically safe SPAAC crosslinking after initial attachment on a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irawan Pramudya
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Cheoljae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Hoyong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
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33
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Ding Y, Zhang X, Xu Y, Cheng T, Ou H, Li Z, An Y, Shen W, Liu Y, Shi L. Polymerization-induced self-assembly of large-scale iohexol nanoparticles as contrast agents for X-ray computed tomography imaging. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental research for CT imaging, in which iohexol nanoparticles (INPs) were synthesised using a one-pot strategy via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA).
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34
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Ko JH, Terashima T, Sawamoto M, Maynard HD. Fluorous Comonomer Modulates the Reactivity of Cyclic Ketene Acetal and Degradation of Vinyl Polymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Ko
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Takaya Terashima
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sawamoto
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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35
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Ganda S, Dulle M, Drechsler M, Förster B, Förster S, Stenzel MH. Two-Dimensional Self-Assembled Structures of Highly Ordered Bioactive Crystalline-Based Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ganda
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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36
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Sequence and Architectural Control in Glycopolymer Synthesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Synthesis of d -fructose conjugated ligands via C6 and C1 and their corresponding [Ru(bpy) 2 (L)]Cl 2 complexes. Carbohydr Res 2017; 446-447:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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38
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Englert C, Pröhl M, Czaplewska JA, Fritzsche C, Preußger E, Schubert US, Traeger A, Gottschaldt M. d-Fructose-Decorated Poly(ethylene imine) for Human Breast Cancer Cell Targeting. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [PMID: 28371343 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The high affinity of GLUT5 transporter for d-fructose in breast cancer cells has been discussed intensely. In this contribution, high molar mass linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) is functionalized with d-fructose moieties to combine the selectivity for the GLUT5 transporter with the delivery potential of PEI for genetic material. The four-step synthesis of a thiol-group bearing d-fructose enables the decoration of a cationic polymer backbone with d-fructose via thiol-ene photoaddition. The functionalization of LPEI is confirmed by 2D NMR techniques, elemental analysis, and size exclusion chromatography. Importantly, a d-fructose decoration of 16% renders the polymers water-soluble and eliminates the cytotoxicity of PEI in noncancer L929 cells, accompanied by a reduced unspecific cellular uptake of the genetic material. In contrast, the cytotoxicity as well as the cell specific uptake is increased for triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Therefore, the introduction of d-fructose shows superior potential for cell targeting, which can be assumed to be GLUT5 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Englert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Pröhl
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Justyna A Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Fritzsche
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Preußger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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39
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Zhang K, Jia YG, Tsai IH, Strandman S, Ren L, Hong L, Zhang G, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Zhu XX. "Bitter-Sweet" Polymeric Micelles Formed by Block Copolymers from Glucosamine and Cholic Acid. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:778-786. [PMID: 28094989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds glucosamine and cholic acid have been used to make acrylic monomers which are subsequently used to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Despite the striking difference in polarity and solubility, three diblock copolymers consisting of glucosamine and cholic acid pendants with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic chain lengths have been synthesized without the use of protecting groups. They are shown to self-assemble into polymeric micelles with a "bitter" bile acid core and "sweet" sugar shell in aqueous solutions, as evidenced by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The critical micelle concentration varies with the hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio, ranging from 0.62 to 1.31 mg/L. Longer chains of polymers induced the formation of larger micelles in range of 50-70 nm. These micelles can solubilize hydrophobic compounds such as Nile Red in aqueous solutions. Their loading capacity mainly depends upon the hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio of the polymers, and may be also related to the length of the hydrophilic block. These polymeric micelles allowed for a 10-fold increase in the aqueous solubility of paclitaxel and showed no cytotoxicity below the concentration of 500 mg/L. Such properties make these polymeric micelles interesting reservoirs for hydrophobic molecules and drugs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - I-Huang Tsai
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Satu Strandman
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Li Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangzhi Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - X X Zhu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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40
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Tardy A, Nicolas J, Gigmes D, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y. Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Scope, Limitations, and Application to (Bio)Degradable Materials. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1319-1406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Tardy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
UMR 7273, campus Saint Jérôme,
Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
UMR 7273, campus Saint Jérôme,
Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
UMR 7273, campus Saint Jérôme,
Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
UMR 7273, campus Saint Jérôme,
Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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41
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Obata M, Otobuchi R, Kuroyanagi T, Takahashi M, Hirohara S. Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymer consisting of glycopolymer and poly(l-lactide) and preparation of sugar-coated polymer aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Obata
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering; University of Yamanashi; 4-4-37 Takeda Kofu 400-8510 Japan
| | - Ryota Otobuchi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering; University of Yamanashi; 4-4-37 Takeda Kofu 400-8510 Japan
| | - Tadao Kuroyanagi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering; University of Yamanashi; 4-4-37 Takeda Kofu 400-8510 Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering; University of Yamanashi; 4-4-37 Takeda Kofu 400-8510 Japan
| | - Shiho Hirohara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; National Institute of Technology, Ube College; 2-14-1 Tokiwadai Ube 755-8555 Japan
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