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Pukale DD, Lazarenko D, Aryal SR, Khabaz F, Shriver LP, Leipzig ND. Osmotic Contribution of Synthesized Betaine by Choline Dehydrogenase Using In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Post-traumatic Syringomyelia. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:41-54. [PMID: 36660584 PMCID: PMC9842837 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Syringomyelia (SM) is a debilitating spinal cord disorder in which a cyst, or syrinx, forms in the spinal cord parenchyma due to congenital and acquired causes. Over time syrinxes expand and elongate, which leads to compressing the neural tissues and a mild to severe range of symptoms. In prior omics studies, significant upregulation of betaine and its synthesis enzyme choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) were reported during syrinx formation/expansion in SM injured spinal cords, but the role of betaine regulation in SM etiology remains unclear. Considering betaine's known osmoprotectant role in biological systems, along with antioxidant and methyl donor activities, this study aimed to better understand osmotic contributions of synthesized betaine by CHDH in response to SM injuries in the spinal cord. Methods A post-traumatic SM (PTSM) rat model and in vitro cellular models using rat astrocytes and HepG2 liver cells were utilized to investigate the role of betaine synthesis by CHDH. Additionally, the osmotic contributions of betaine were evaluated using a combination of experimental as well as simulation approaches. Results In the PTSM injured spinal cord CHDH expression was observed in cells surrounding syrinxes. We next found that rat astrocytes and HepG2 cells were capable of synthesizing betaine via CHDH under osmotic stress in vitro to maintain osmoregulation. Finally, our experimental and simulation approaches showed that betaine was capable of directly increasing meaningful osmotic pressure. Conclusions The findings from this study demonstrate new evidence that CHDH activity in the spinal cord provides locally synthesized betaine for osmoregulation in SM pathophysiology. Supplementary Information The online version of this article contains supplementary material available 10.1007/s12195-022-00749-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak D. Pukale
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Daria Lazarenko
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Siddhartha R. Aryal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Leah P. Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130 USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130 USA
- Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Nic D. Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
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2
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Perego A, Khabaz F. Creep and Recovery Behavior of Vitrimers with Fast Bond Exchange Rate. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200313. [PMID: 35856395 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers encompass the desirable mechanical properties of thermosets with the recyclability of thermoplastics. This ability arises from the rearrangement of the vitrimer covalent network upon heating via a bond shuffling mechanism while its cross-link density remains preserved. This unique feature makes vitrimers interesting candidates for the design of materials that combine dimensional stability at high temperatures and solvent resistance with the ability to be reshaped and processed. Despite these advantages, vitrimer exhibits significant creep at operating conditions where thermosets show little or no creep. As the mechanical properties of vitrimers not only depend on their chemical composition but also on the dynamics of the polymer chains, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can provide detailed molecular mechanisms of the system of interest under macroscopic stress-induced deformations. In this regard, the recently developed MD/Monte Carlo simulation methodology capable of capturing the bond exchange mechanics in vitrimers is used to study the creep and recovery response of a coarse-grained model thermoset and vitrimer with a fast bond exchange rate. The time-stress superposition principle is then successfully applied to the creep response. The resulting universal curves enable us to predict the long-time creep behavior of both systems extending the timescale from 4 to over 10 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.,Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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3
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Perego A, Lazarenko D, Cloitre M, Khabaz F. Microscopic Dynamics and Viscoelasticity of Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Daria Lazarenko
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Michel Cloitre
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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4
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Perego A, Khabaz F. Effect of bond exchange rate on dynamics and mechanics of vitrimers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
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5
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Lazarenko D, Khabaz F. Thermodynamics and Rheology of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid–Oil Mixtures: A Molecular Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5897-5908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Lazarenko
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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6
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Glova AD, Melnikova SD, Mercurieva AA, Larin SV, Nazarychev VM, Polotsky AA, Lyulin SV. Branched versus linear lactide chains for cellulose nanoparticle modification: an atomistic molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:457-469. [PMID: 33320128 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04556j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the structure of brushes consisting of branched oligolactide (OLA) chains grafted onto the surface of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) in polylactide (PLA) and compared the outcomes to the case of grafting linear OLA chains using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The systems were considered in a melt state. The branched model OLA chains comprised one branching point and three branches, while the linear OLA chains examined had a molecular weight similar to the branched chains. It was shown that free branches of the branched OLA chains tend to fold back toward the CNPs due to dipole-dipole interactions within the grafted layer, in contrast to the well-established behavior of the grafted uncharged branched chains. This result, however, is in qualitative agreement with the conformational behavior known for linear OLA chains. At the same time, no significant difference in the effectiveness of covering the filler surface with grafted branched or linear OLA chains was found. In terms of the expelling ability of the grafted chains and the interaction between PLA and CNP or OLA, the linear chains were broadly similar (sparse grafting) or better (intermediate or dense grafting) compared to the branched ones. Thus, the grafted lactide chains with a linear architecture, rather than their branched counterpart, may be preferable for the covalent modification of cellulose nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom D Glova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
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7
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Das S, Khabaz F, Nguyen Q, Bonnecaze RT. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Aqueous Nonionic Surfactants on a Carbonate Surface. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8158-8166. [PMID: 32794772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interactions and structure of secondary alcohol ethoxylates with 15 and 40 ethoxylate units in water near a calcite surface are studied. It is found that water binds preferentially to the calcite surface. Prediction of the free-energy landscape for surfactant molecules shows that single-surfactant molecules do not adsorb because they cannot get close enough to the surface because of the water layer for attractive ethoxylate-calcite or dispersion interactions to be significant. Micelles can adsorb onto the surface even with the intervening water layer because of the integrative effect of the attractive interactions of all the surfactant molecules. Adsorption is found to increase because of the closer proximity of the micelles to the surface due to a weakened water layer at higher temperatures. The free-energy well and barrier values are used to estimate surface to bulk partition coefficients for different surfactants and temperatures, and qualitative agreement is found with experimental observations. The combined effect of surfactant-water and surfactant-solid interactions is found to be responsible for an increased adsorption for nonionic surfactants as the system approaches the cloud point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Das
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States.,Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
| | - Quoc Nguyen
- Hildebrand Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Roger T Bonnecaze
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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8
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Perego A, Khabaz F. Volumetric and Rheological Properties of Vitrimers: A Hybrid Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Simulation Study. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 250 S. Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, 250 S. Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, 250 S. Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
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10
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Gennaro A, Rosa AS, Cornelis P, Pfeiffer H, Disalvo EA, Wagner P, Wübbenhorst M. A compact device for simultaneous dielectric spectroscopy and microgravimetric analysis under controlled humidity. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:125106. [PMID: 31893814 DOI: 10.1063/1.5125301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water plays a key role in the functioning of natural and synthetic molecular systems. Despite several hydration studies, different techniques are employed individually for monitoring different physical features such as kinetics, dynamics, and absorption. This study describes a compact hydration cell that enables simultaneous dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) and mass loss/uptake measurements in thin organic layers under controlled humidity conditions and in a wide temperature range. This approach enabled us to correlate the physical quantities obtained during the same experiment by complementary techniques. To demonstrate the performance of this device, a 200 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layer was measured at various relative humidity levels (0%-75%), temperatures (25-75 °C), and frequencies (DRS: 0.1 Hz-1 MHz) to study how hydration and dehydration processes affect its molecular dynamics. The results show the capability of this setup to study the changes in the PMMA film regarding the kinetics and molecular dynamics upon variation of the water content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gennaro
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics (ZMB), Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio S Rosa
- Applied Biophysics and Food Research Center (Centro de Investigaciones en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos, CIBAAL), National University of Santiago del Estero and National Scientific and Technical Research Council CONICET, RN 9 - Km 1125, 4206 Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Peter Cornelis
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics (ZMB), Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helge Pfeiffer
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edgardo A Disalvo
- Applied Biophysics and Food Research Center (Centro de Investigaciones en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos, CIBAAL), National University of Santiago del Estero and National Scientific and Technical Research Council CONICET, RN 9 - Km 1125, 4206 Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Patrick Wagner
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics (ZMB), Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Wübbenhorst
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics (ZMB), Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Khabaz F, Zhang Y, Xue L, Quitevis EL, Maginn EJ, Khare R. Temperature Dependence of Volumetric and Dynamic Properties of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2414-2424. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | | | | | - Edward J. Maginn
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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12
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Mani S, Khare R. Effect of Chain Flexibility and Interlayer Interactions on the Local Dynamics of Layered Polymer Systems. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sriramvignesh Mani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 43121, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
| | - Rajesh Khare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 43121, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
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13
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Glova AD, Falkovich SG, Dmitrienko DI, Lyulin AV, Larin SV, Nazarychev VM, Karttunen M, Lyulin SV. Scale-Dependent Miscibility of Polylactide and Polyhydroxybutyrate: Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artyom D. Glova
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav G. Falkovich
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniil I. Dmitrienko
- Faculty
of Physics, Saint-Petersburg University, Ulyanovskaya str. 1, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Lyulin
- Theory
of Polymers and Soft Matter Group, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey V. Larin
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor M. Nazarychev
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Sergey V. Lyulin
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty
of Physics, Saint-Petersburg University, Ulyanovskaya str. 1, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Godbole RV, Khabaz F, Khare R, Hedden RC. Swelling of Random Copolymer Networks in Pure and Mixed Solvents: Multi-Component Flory-Rehner Theory. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7963-7977. [PMID: 28742358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A generalized extension of Flory-Rehner (FR) theory is derived to describe equilibrium swelling of polymer networks, including copolymers with two or more chemically distinct repeat units, in either pure or mixed solvents. The model is derived by equating the chemical potential of each solvent in the liquid and gel phases at equilibrium, while assuming the deformation of the network chains is affine. Simplifications of the model are derived for specific cases involving homopolymer networks, copolymer networks, pure solvents, and binary solvent mixtures. With reasonable assumptions, the number of polymer-solvent interaction parameters that must be determined by experiments can be reduced to two effective parameters (θ1 and θ2), which describe the net interactions between water/copolymer (θ1) and ethanol/copolymer (θ2), respectively. Experimental measurements of the swelling of random copolymer networks of n-butyl acrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate in water, ethanol, and a 100 g/L ethanol/water mixture are utilized to validate the model. For a random copolymer network, θ1 and θ2 can be obtained by fitting the three-component FR model to equilibrium swelling data obtained in the pure solvents. Predicted solvent volume fractions for swelling in water-ethanol mixtures obtained by inserting fitted values of θ1 and θ2 into the four-component FR model are in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutvik V Godbole
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Rajesh Khare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Ronald C Hedden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Russo M, Ponsiglione AM, Forte E, Netti PA, Torino E. Hydrodenticity to enhance relaxivity of gadolinium-DTPA within crosslinked hyaluronic acid nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2199-2210. [PMID: 28816102 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The efficacy of gadolinium (Gd) chelates as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging remains limited owing to poor relaxivity and toxic effects. Here, the effect of the hydration of the hydrogel structure on the relaxometric properties of Gd-DTPA is explained for the first time and called Hydrodenticity. RESULTS The ability to tune the hydrogel structure is proved through a microfluidic flow-focusing approach able to produce crosslinked hyaluronic acid nanoparticles, analyzed regarding the crosslink density and mesh size, and connected to the characteristic correlation times of the Gd-DTPA. CONCLUSION Hydrodenticity explains the boosting (12-times) of the Gd-DTPA relaxivity by tuning hydrogel structural parameters, potentially enabling the reduction of the administration dosage as approved for clinical use. [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russo
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.,Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maria Ponsiglione
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.,Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Forte
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.,Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Torino
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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