1
|
Elgoyhen J, Pirela V, Müller AJ, Tomovska R. Synthesis and Crystallization of Waterborne Thiol-ene Polymers: Toward Innovative Oxygen Barrier Coatings. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:8845-8858. [PMID: 37970532 PMCID: PMC10644330 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of waterborne thiol-ene polymer dispersions is challenging due to the high reactivity of thiol monomers and the premature thiol-ene polymerization that leads to high irreproducibility. By turning this challenge into an advantage, a synthesis approach of high solid content film-forming waterborne poly(thioether) prepolymers is reported based on initiator-free step growth sonopolymerization. Copolymerization of bifunctional thiol and ene monomers diallyl terephthalate, glycol dimercaptoacetate, glycol dimercaptopropionate, and 2,2-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol gave rise to linear poly(thioether) functional chains with molar mass ranging between 7 and 23 kDa when synthesized at 30% solid content and between 1 and 9 kDa at increased solid content of 50%. To further increase the polymers' molar mass, an additional photopolymerization step was performed in the presence of a water-soluble photoinitiator, i.e., lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate, leading to high molar mass chains of up to 200 kDa, the highest reported so far for step grown poly(thioethers). The polymer dispersions presented good film-forming ability at room temperature, yielding semicrystalline films with a high potential for barrier coating applications. Nevertheless, affected by the polymer chemical repeating structure, which includes an aromatic ring, these thiol-ene chains can only crystallize very slowly from the molten state. Herein, for the first time, we present the successful implementation of a self-nucleation (SN) procedure for these types of poly(thioethers), which effectively accelerates their crystallization kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Elgoyhen
- POLYMAT
and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Valentina Pirela
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics Chemistry
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics Chemistry
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT
and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai Y, Fu X, Zhou Y, Lei L, Wang J, Zeng W, Yang Z. A hydrogel system for drug loading toward the synergistic application of reductive/heat-sensitive drugs. J Control Release 2023; 362:409-424. [PMID: 37666303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of hydrogels as drug carriers via radical-mediated polymerization has significant prospects, but the strong oxidizing ability of radicals and the high temperatures generated by the vigorous reactions limits the loading for reducing/heat-sensitive drugs. Herein, an applicable hydrogel synthesized by radical-mediated polymerization is reported for the loading and synergistic application of specific drugs. First, the desired sol is obtained by polymerizing functional monomers using a radical initiator, and then tannic-acid-assisted specific drug mediates sol-branched phenylboric acid group to form the required functional hydrogel (New-gel). Compared with the conventional single-step radical-mediated drug-loading hydrogel, the New-gel not only has better chemical/physical properties but also efficiently loads and releases drugs and maintains drug activity. Particularly, the New-gel has excellent loading capacity for oxygen, and exhibits significant practical therapeutic effects for diabetic wound repair. Furthermore, owing to its high light transmittance, the New-gel synergistically promotes the antibacterial effect of photosensitive drugs. This gelation strategy for loading drugs has further promising biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yucen Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institution, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yingjuan Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Lei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Weinan Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institution, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Zhangyou Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aguirre M, Ballard N, Gonzalez E, Hamzehlou S, Sardon H, Calderon M, Paulis M, Tomovska R, Dupin D, Bean RH, Long TE, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2579-2607. [PMID: 37066026 PMCID: PMC10101531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer colloids are complex materials that have the potential to be used in a vast array of applications. One of the main reasons for their continued growth in commercial use is the water-based emulsion polymerization process through which they are generally synthesized. This technique is not only highly efficient from an industrial point of view but also extremely versatile and permits the large-scale production of colloidal particles with controllable properties. In this perspective, we seek to highlight the central challenges in the synthesis and use of polymer colloids, with respect to both existing and emerging applications. We first address the challenges in the current production and application of polymer colloids, with a particular focus on the transition toward sustainable feedstocks and reduced environmental impact in their primary commercial applications. Later, we highlight the features that allow novel polymer colloids to be designed and applied in emerging application areas. Finally, we present recent approaches that have used the unique colloidal nature in unconventional processing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Gonzalez
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Paulis
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC,
Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, P° Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ren H. Bean
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hayes G, Drain B, Lefley J, Becer CR. Hybrid Multiblock Copolymers of 2-Oxazoline and Acrylates via Cu-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition Step-Growth Mechanism. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Drain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James Lefley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Le CMQ, Chemtob A. Thiol‐ene emulsion step polymerization in a photochemical stirred tank reactor: Molecular weight, cyclization, and fragmentation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Minh Quoc Le
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg France
| | - Abraham Chemtob
- Université de Haute‐Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR7361 Mulhouse France
- Université de Strasbourg France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cassidy KJ, Shipp DA. Particle formation in thermally initiated radical‐mediated thiol‐ene emulsion polymerizations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Cassidy
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Center for Advanced Materials Processing Clarkson University Potsdam New York USA
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Center for Advanced Materials Processing Clarkson University Potsdam New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effect of surfactant concentration and monomer polarity on particle nucleation in emulsion step polymerization of dithiol with diene. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
Naga N, Yamada K, Moriyama K, Kudoh S, Nagami Y, Nageh H, Nakano T. Synthesis of network polymers by photo-initiated thiol–ene reaction between multi-functional thiol and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Le CMQ, Vidal L, Schmutz M, Chemtob A. Droplet nucleation in miniemulsion thiol–ene step photopolymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00139f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reaction parameters, such as droplet size, initiator solubility and monomer solubility, which are important in favouring droplet nucleation in a miniemulsion thiol–ene step polymerization are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Loïc Vidal
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Institut Charles Sadron
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Abraham Chemtob
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2M UMR7361
- F-68100 Mulhouse
- France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hoang S, Olivier S, Cuenot S, Montillet A, Bellettre J, Ishow E. Microfluidic Assisted Flash Precipitation of Photocrosslinkable Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles for Fine Size Tuning and Enhanced Photoinduced Processes. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2502-2515. [PMID: 33073929 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Highly concentrated dispersions of fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs), broadly used for optical tracking, bioimaging and drug delivery monitoring, are obtained using a newly designed micromixer chamber involving high impacting flows. Fine size tuning and narrow size distributions are easily obtained by varying independently the flow rates of the injected fluids and the concentration of the dye stock solution. The flash nanoprecipitation process employed herein is successfully applied to the fabrication of bicomposite FONs designed to allow energy transfer. Considerable enhancement of the emission signal of the energy acceptors is promoted and its origin is found to result from polarity rather than steric effects. Finally, we exploit the high spatial confinement encountered in FONs and their ability to encapsulate hydrophobic photosensitizers to induce photocrosslinking. An increase in the photocrosslinked FON stiffness is evidenced by measuring the elastic modulus at the nanoscale using atomic force microscopy. These results pave the way toward the straightforward fabrication of multifunctional and mechanically photoswitchable FONs, opening novel opportunities in sensing, multimodal imaging, and theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Hoang
- CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Simon Olivier
- CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France.,Current address: Air Liquide, Air Liquide Facility, 28 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-4247, Japan
| | - Stéphane Cuenot
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Montillet
- GEPEA UMR CNRS 6144, IUT Saint Nazaire, Université de Nantes, 58 rue Michel Ange, 44600, Saint Nazaire, France
| | - Jérôme Bellettre
- LTeN UMR CNRS 6607, Polytech Nantes, Université de Nantes, rue Christian Pauc, 44306, Nantes, France
| | - Eléna Ishow
- CEISAM-UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Y, Wei M, Jiang X, Ren M, Liu L, Wen B, Yang W. Anomalously Shaped Functional Particles Prepared by Thiol-Isocyanate Off-Stoichiometric Click Dispersion Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14417-14424. [PMID: 33198464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anomalously shaped microparticles have attractive advantages in applications. They are usually prepared by chain-growth polymerizations in heterogeneous systems. Recently, thiol-X step-growth polymerizations have been used to produce functional particles with a regular shape but rarely anomalous shapes. Herein, we report the preparation of anomalously shaped particles by thiol-isocyanate dispersion polymerization (Dis.P) in ethanol using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizer and catalyst. Papillae-shaped, raspberry-like, and multibulged particles are prepared by tuning monomer combinations, contents, and feed ratios. Particle morphology evolutions during polymerization are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Distinct from previous works, particles with residual -SH groups are obtained even with equal moles of monomers added initially. The residue of -SH groups is revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses and confirmed by detection with a fluorescent probe containing disulfide linkage. Moreover, fluorescent particle probes are formed by the reaction of excess -NCO groups on particles with fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FITC) and dithioacetal-functionalized perylenediimide (DTPDI). The probes are sensitive in detection of glutathione (GSH) and Hg2+ in water. Hg2+ as low as 1-0.1 ppb is detected using a raspberry-like particle probe with DTPDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingyue Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Forming Technology and Equipment, Beijing National Innovation Institute of Lightweight Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lianying Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bianying Wen
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Minh Quoc Le
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR 22, University of Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Abraham Chemtob
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Z. Durham
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cassidy KJ, Durham OZ, Shipp DA. Composite Particles From Pickering‐Stabilized Radical Mediated Thiol‐Ene Suspension Polymerizations. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Cassidy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, andCenter for Advanced Materials ProcessingClarkson University Potsdam New York 13699–5810
| | - Olivia Z. Durham
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, andCenter for Advanced Materials ProcessingClarkson University Potsdam New York 13699–5810
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, andCenter for Advanced Materials ProcessingClarkson University Potsdam New York 13699–5810
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jenjob R, Seidi F, Crespy D. Recent advances in polymerizations in dispersed media. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 260:24-31. [PMID: 30170689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in chemistry heterophase polymerizations reflect new developments in polymer chemistry. Although some few polymerization reactions cannot be performed in dispersed media, new polymerization reactions can still benefit from advantages of heterophase reactions, which are fast kinetics due to high local concentration of reagents and advantageous heat exchange. We describe here advances in heterophase polymerizations, with a focus on miniemulsion polymerization, which are mainly driven by academic interest for biomedicine and energy science. Click-reactions in dispersion are particularly interesting because they are bioorthogonals. Synthesis of highly crosslinked polymer colloids, especially with conjugated polymers, has found applications in gas storage, catalysis, and production of energy. Finally, we show how spatial segregation in heterophase polymerization can help to obtain polymer materials with unique structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratchapol Jenjob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 21210 Rayong, Thailand
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 21210 Rayong, Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 21210 Rayong, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hafeez S, Barner L, Nebhani L. TEMPO Driven Mild and Modular Route to Functionalized Microparticles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800169. [PMID: 29749016 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of crosslinked polymeric microspheres (3.8-15.0 µm) via (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) initiated thiol-ene dispersion polymerization under ambient conditions is reported for the first time. The initiating ability of TEMPO for the thiol-ene reaction is validated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on model reactions between 1-octadecanethiol and two electron deficient enes, n-butylacrylate and divinyl sulfone. Critically, the TEMPO resonance observed in the EPR spectra decreases with time when TEMPO is mixed with thiol and an electron deficient ene. The 1 H NMR spectra demonstrate formation of up to 90% of thioether under ambient conditions. Based on these model reactions, a variety of crosslinked polymeric microspheres are synthesized with excellent morphological stability using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as surfactant. The ability of the microspheres for a second TEMPO initiated thiol-ene reaction is demonstrated by the ligation of fluorescein-5-maleimide (an ene) to the microspheres' surface containing excess of thiol functionality and by ligation of cysteine (containing a thiol group) to the microspheres' surface containing an excess of ene functionality. The synthesized polymeric microspheres are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Hafeez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leena Nebhani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoffmann C, Chiaula V, Yu L, Pinelo M, Woodley JM, Daugaard AE. Simple Preparation of Thiol-Ene Particles in Glycerol and Surface Functionalization by Thiol-Ene Chemistry (TEC) and Surface Chain Transfer Free Radical Polymerization (SCT-FRP). Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoffmann
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Valeria Chiaula
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Liyun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Center for BioProcess Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS); Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tan J, Li C, De Bruycker K, Zhang G, Gu J, Zhang Q. Recyclable cross-linked hydroxythioether particles with tunable structures via robust and efficient thiol-epoxy dispersion polymerizations. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-epoxy reactions were first exploited as a simple method for the preparation of recyclable cross-linked hydroxythioether particles with tunable structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Junwei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Physics and Chemistry in Space of Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| |
Collapse
|