1
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Džuganová M, Hanzlik J, Bednarik M, Chodák I, Hudec I. Sulfur and Peroxide Vulcanization of the Blends Based on Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer Rubber and Their Combinations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2718. [PMID: 38893982 PMCID: PMC11173589 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rubber blends based on styrene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber and a combination of both rubbers were cured with different sulfur and peroxide curing systems. In sulfur curing systems, two type of accelerators, namely tetramethylthiuram disulfide, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, and combinations of both accelerators were used. In peroxide curing systems, dicumyl peroxide, and a combination of dicumyl peroxide with zinc diacrylate or zinc dimethacrylate, respectively, were applied. The work was aimed at investigating the effect of curing systems composition as well as the type of rubber or rubber combinations on the curing process, cross-link density and physical-mechanical properties of vulcanizates. The dynamic mechanical properties of the selected vulcanizates were examined too. The results revealed a correlation between the cross-link density and physical-mechanical properties. Similarly, there was a certain correlation between the cross-linking degree and glass transition temperature. The tensile strength of vulcanizates based on rubber combinations was higher when compared to that based on pure rubbers, which points out the fact that in rubber combinations, not only are the features of both elastomers combined, but improvement in the tensile characteristics can also be achieved. When compared to vulcanizates cured with dicumyl peroxide, materials cured with a sulfur system exhibited higher tensile strength. With the application of co-agents in peroxide vulcanization, the tensile strength overcame the tensile behavior of sulfur-cured vulcanizates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Michaela Džuganová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Jan Hanzlik
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Bednarik
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (M.D.); (I.H.)
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2
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Wei YC, Zhu D, Zhang J, Wang HR, Zhou MZ, Liao S. Octylamine regulating the mechanical robustness of natural rubber by involving in the construction of crosslinking network. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126202. [PMID: 37573916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of three dimensional network structure is critical in determining mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR). Consequently, it is vital to regulate crosslinking network of NR by controlling vulcanization process. Inspired by our previous studies on contribution of non-rubber components (NRCs) to the excellent properties of NR, we find octylamine in NRCs decreases the activation energy (Ea) of vulcanization from 82.73 kJ/mol to 44.34 kJ/mol, thereby reducing vulcanization time from 18.67 min to 2.71 min. From microscopic perspective, octylamine tends to coordinate with zinc ions to improve dispersion of ZnO in NR. And octylamine promotes ring-opening reaction of S8 to favor formation of polysulfide intermediates. Therefore, the incorporation of octylamine remarkably improves vulcanization efficiency, which contributes to the formation of a more homogeneous network with higher crosslinking density, enhancing remarkably the strength and toughness of NR. As a result, the tensile strength and fracture energy of samples are as high as 31.15 MPa and 68.88 kJ/m2, respectively. In addition, even with a 60 % reduction in ZnO content, the NR samples still maintain high vulcanization efficiency and excellent mechanical properties after the addition of octylamine, which provides a green and feasible way to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chan Wei
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ding Zhu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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3
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Kruželák J, Mikolajová M, Kvasničáková A, Džuganová M, Chodák I, Hronkovič J, Preťo J, Hudec I. Combined Sulfur and Peroxide Vulcanization of Filled and Unfilled EPDM-Based Rubber Compounds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5596. [PMID: 37629887 PMCID: PMC10456314 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur curing system, peroxide curing system and their combinations were applied for the cross-linking of unfilled and carbon black-filled rubber formulations based on ethylene-propylenediene-monomer rubber. The results demonstrated that the type of curing system influenced the course and shape of curing isotherms. This resulted in the change of curing kinetics of rubber compounds. The cross-link density of materials cured with combined vulcanization systems was lower than that for vulcanizates cured with the peroxide or sulfur system. Good correlation between the cross-link density as well as the structure of the formed cross-links and physical-mechanical characteristics of the cured materials was established. Both filled and unfilled vulcanizates cured with combined vulcanization systems exhibited a higher tensile strength and elongation at break when compared to their equivalents vulcanized in the presence of the peroxide or sulfur curing system. It can be stated that by proper combination of vulcanization systems, it is possible to modify the tensile behavior of vulcanizates in a targeted manner. On the other side, dynamical-mechanical properties were found not be significantly influenced by the curing system composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Mária Mikolajová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Michaela Džuganová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Hronkovič
- VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Preťo
- VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
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4
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Yu S, Wu S, Fang S, Tang Z, Zhang L, Guo B. Skeletal Network Enabling New-Generation Thermoplastic Vulcanizates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300856. [PMID: 36987971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Upcycling of cross-linked rubbers is pressing. The introduction of dynamic covalent bonds into the networks is a popular tactic for recycling thermosetting polymers, but it is very challenging to integrate engineering performance and continuous yet stable reprocessability. Based on traditional rubber formulations, herein, a straightforward strategy is presented for constructing a skeletal network (SN) through interfacial crosslinking and percolation of rubbery granules in a rubber matrix. Rapid exchange reactions involving dynamic interfacial sulfides realize repeated "fragmentation and healing" in the solid-state and consequent reconfiguration of the SN topology of the elastomer, thus endowing the resultant SN elastomer with continuous yet stable re-extrudability. These SN elastomers with hierarchical structures exhibit high gel contents, high resilience, low creep, and reinforcibility competitive to traditional vulcanizates. Specifically, SN elastomers exhibit better overall performance than commercial thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) materials. Overall, a new concept of thermoplastic vulcanizates is proposed, which will promote the sustainable development of rubbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjian Yu
- Institute of Emergent Elastomers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Siwu Wu
- Institute of Emergent Elastomers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shifeng Fang
- Institute of Emergent Elastomers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghai Tang
- Institute of Emergent Elastomers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Institute of Emergent Elastomers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Baochun Guo
- Institute of Emergent Elastomers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, P. R. China
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5
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Yang S, Lu Y, Zhang C, Yang L, Xu M. Enhancement of interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide resin by sulfur treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yonggen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Luotang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
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6
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Hu J, Wu H, Liang S, Tian X, Liu K, Jiang M, Dominic CDM, Zhao H, Duan Y, Zhang J. Effects of the surface chemical groups of cellulose nanocrystals on the vulcanization and mechanical properties of natural rubber/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123168. [PMID: 36621734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), as the promising reinforcing fillers in the rubber industry, their surface chemical groups have vital effects on the vulcanization kinetics, cross-linking densities, and mechanical properties of rubber composites. Herein, CNCs with acidic carboxyl (CCA) and alkaline amino groups (CCP) were produced by modifying the sulfonic CNCs (CCS) in environment-friendly ways. Studies found the CCS and CCA with acid groups have obvious inhibiting effects on the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR), while CCP with alkaline amino groups accelerates the vulcanization of NR. Differential scanning calorimeter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Electron paramagnetic resonance, etc. were performed to clarify the effecting mechanisms of CNCs surface groups on NR vulcanization. It was found that NR/CCS and NR/CCA nanocomposites vulcanize through radical reactions, and the surface acidic groups of CCS and CCA, i.e., hydroxyl, sulfonate, and carboxyl groups inactivate the sulfur radicals generated during vulcanization and depress the vulcanization activity. The amino groups of the polyethyleneimine of CCP promote the ring opening of sulfur (S8) or the breaking of polysulfide bonds connected to NR molecular chains to form sulfur anion with a strong nucleophilic ability, which leads to the cross-linking of NR/CCP reacts via ionic reaction mainly. The vulcanization rate and cross-linking density of NR/CCP are improved by the ionic reaction. And benefiting from the higher cross-linking density and the reinforcement of CCP, NR/CCP had the best physical and mechanical properties. Our work elucidates the mechanism of the surface chemical groups of CNCs affecting NR vulcanization and may provide ideas for the preparation of high-performance rubber composites reinforced by CNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Haipeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - C D Midhun Dominic
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi, Kerala, India, Pin, 682013
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Chinese-German Faculty of Science and Technology, Sino-German Institute for High Performance Materials and Technology, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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7
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Zhao W, Lu M, Wang B, Liu X, Wang S. The effect of different forms of iron substances on the aging properties of carbon‐black filled natural rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrong Zhao
- Department of R&D EVE Rubber Institute Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of R&D EVE Rubber Institute Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of R&D EVE Rubber Institute Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of R&D EVE Rubber Institute Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of R&D EVE Rubber Institute Qingdao People's Republic of China
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8
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Thermodynamics incompatibility-driven covalent crosslinking network in situ phase separation from biomimetic design. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Mousavi M, Zhou T, Dong Z, Fini EH. Turning abundant waste sulfur to polymers for manufacturing: Exploiting role of organic crosslinkers and benign catalysts. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Zhang T, Hu F, Shao W, Liu S, Peng H, Song Z, Song C, Li N, Jian X. Sulfur-Rich Polymers Based Cathode with Epoxy/Ally Dual-Sulfur-Fixing Mechanism for High Stability Lithium-Sulfur Battery. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15027-15038. [PMID: 34469124 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted a great deal of attention for the next-generation energy storage devices due to their inherently high theoretical energy density, high natural abundance, and low cost. However, the dissolution of polysulfides in electrolytes and their undesirable shuttle behavior lead to poor cycling performance, which obstructs practical application. Herein, we report a dual-sulfur-fixing mechanism of epoxy/allyl compound/sulfur system to prepare poly(sulfur-random-4-vinyl-1,2-epoxycyclohexane) (SVE) copolymers as powerful cathode materials. Benefiting from the stable C-S bond and a uniform distribution of ultrafine Li2S/S8 in the SVE-based polymer matrix, the SVE electrodes exerted an embedding effect to reduce polysulfides migration. The thiosulfate/polythionate protective layer derived from the terminal hydroxyl group of SVE also ensured the cycle stability of SVE electrodes during cycling. As a result, optimized SVE electrodes deliver a high reversible specific capacity of 1248 mA h g-1 at rates of 0.1 C, together with a stable cycling performance of no capacity decay per cycle over more than 400 cycles. This work provides an effective strategy for the practical application of organosulfur polymers Li-S batteries and inspires the exploration of the reaction mechanism of epoxy/allyl compound/sulfur system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Energy Materials and Devices (Liaoning Province). Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Energy Materials and Devices (Liaoning Province). Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenlong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Liaoning Province Engineering Research Centre of High Performance Resins. Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Energy Materials and Devices (Liaoning Province). Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hao Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Energy Materials and Devices (Liaoning Province). Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zihui Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Energy Materials and Devices (Liaoning Province). Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ce Song
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Liaoning Province Engineering Research Centre of High Performance Resins. Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xigao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Liaoning Province Engineering Research Centre of High Performance Resins. Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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11
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Mostoni S, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Armelao L, Rancan M, Dirè S, Callone E, Donetti R, Susanna A, Scotti R. Design of a Zn Single-Site Curing Activator for a More Sustainable Sulfur Cross-Link Formation in Rubber. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:10180-10192. [PMID: 34483477 PMCID: PMC8411846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ZnO is a worldwide used activator for a rubber vulcanization process, which promotes fast curing kinetics and high cross-linking densities of rubber nanocomposites (NCs). However, its extended use together with leaching phenomena occurring during the production and life cycle of rubber products, especially tires, entails potential environmental risks, as ecotoxicity toward aquatic organisms. Pushed by this issue, a novel activator was developed, which introduces highly dispersed and active zinc species in the vulcanization process, reducing the amount of employed ZnO and keeping high the curing efficiency. The activator is constituted by Zn(II) single sites, anchored on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through the coordination with functionalizing amino silane groups. It behaves as a double-function material, acting at the same time as a rubber reinforcing filler and a curing activator. The higher availability and reactivity of the single-site Zn(II) centers toward curative agents impart faster kinetics and higher efficiency to the vulcanization process of silica/isoprene NCs, compared to conventionally used ZnO activators. Moreover, the NCs show a high cross-linking degree and improved dynamic mechanical properties, despite the remarkably lower amount of zinc employed than that normally used for rubber composites in tires. Finally, the structural stability of Zn(II) single sites during the curing reactions and in the final materials may represent a turning point toward the elimination of zinc leaching phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mostoni
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Lidia Armelao
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, DSCTM-CNR, Piazzale A. Moro 7, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Marzio Rancan
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Sandra Dirè
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Emanuela Callone
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Scotti
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
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12
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Ma T, Ma J, Yang C, Zhang J, Cheng J. Robust, Multiresponsive, Superhydrophobic, and Oleophobic Nanocomposites via a Highly Efficient Multifluorination Strategy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28949-28961. [PMID: 34102849 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial superhydrophobic surfaces are garnering constant attention due to their wide applications. However, it is a great challenge for superhydrophobic materials to simultaneously achieve good oil repellency, mechanochemical robustness, adhesion, thermomechanical properties, and multiresponsive ability. Herein, we propose a highly efficient multifluorination strategy to prepare superhydrophobic nanocomposites with the above features, which can be used as monoliths or coatings on various substrates. In this strategy, long-chain perfluorinated epoxy (PFEP) provides outstanding water/oil repellency, tetrafluorophenyl-based epoxy (FEP) possesses good thermodynamic compatibility with PFEP and increases the mechanical performance of the matrix, and carbon nanotubes grafted with perfluorinated segments and flexible spacers (FCNTs) tailor the surface roughness as well as impart multiple functions and ensure good binding interfaces. Notedly, all of the applications of constrained long-chain perfluorinated compounds are achieved via thiol-ene click chemistry, following the ethos of atom economy. The resultant PFEP30/FCNTs40 exhibits superhydrophobicity and oleophobicity, thermal conductivity (1.33 W·m-1·K-1), electronic conductivity (232 S m-1), and electromagnetic interference shielding properties (∼30 dB at 8.2-12.4 GHz, 200 μm). Importantly, after different extreme physical/chemical tests, the PFEP30/FCNTs40 coating still shows outstanding water/oil repellency. In addition, the coating exhibits good photo/electrothermal conversion ability and shows the potential for sensor application. Moreover, the novel strategy provides an efficient guideline for large-scale preparation of robust, multiresponsive, superhydrophobic, and oleophobic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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13
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Geven M, d'Arcy R, Turhan ZY, El-Mohtadi F, Alshamsan A, Tirelli N. Sulfur-based oxidation-responsive polymers. Chemistry, (chemically selective) responsiveness and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Dodd LJ, Omar Ö, Wu X, Hasell T. Investigating the Role and Scope of Catalysts in Inverse Vulcanization. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam James Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Ömer Omar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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15
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Ortega L, Cerveny S, Sill C, Isitman NA, Rodriguez-Garraza AL, Meyer M, Westermann S, Schwartz GA. The effect of vulcanization additives on the dielectric response of styrene-butadiene rubber compounds. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Wu X, Smith JA, Petcher S, Zhang B, Parker DJ, Griffin JM, Hasell T. Catalytic inverse vulcanization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:647. [PMID: 30733431 PMCID: PMC6367372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of inverse vulcanization has allowed stable polymers to be made from elemental sulfur, an unwanted by-product of the petrochemicals industry. However, further development of both the chemistry and applications is handicapped by the restricted choice of cross-linkers and the elevated temperatures required for polymerisation. Here we report the catalysis of inverse vulcanization reactions. This catalytic method is effective for a wide range of crosslinkers reduces the required reaction temperature and reaction time, prevents harmful H2S production, increases yield, improves properties, and allows crosslinkers that would be otherwise unreactive to be used. Thus, inverse vulcanization becomes more widely applicable, efficient, eco-friendly and productive than the previous routes, not only broadening the fundamental chemistry itself, but also opening the door for the industrialization and broad application of these fascinating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Jessica A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Samuel Petcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Douglas J Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - John M Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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17
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Hosseini SM, Razzaghi-Kashani M. Catalytic and networking effects of carbon black on the kinetics and conversion of sulfur vulcanization in styrene butadiene rubber. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9194-9208. [PMID: 30398505 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01953c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work discusses the effects of carbon-black (CB) on the kinetics and conversion of sulfur vulcanization in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds. Kinetic studies revealed that the onset of the vulcanization reaction shortens monotonically by incorporation of CB, but the rate of vulcanization goes through a maximum at a critical loading of CB. It was demonstrated that CB has two roles in the kinetics of vulcanization: a catalytic effect on accelerating the initial reactions among vulcanization agents and a networking effect on retarding the crosslinking of macro-radicals. It was shown that the latter effect dominates the former one at high concentrations of CB where the rubber-mediated network of CB is formed and a large portion of rubber is immobilized as bound rubber. By using two types of CBs with very different specific surface areas, it was discussed that the critical loading at which the retarding effect begins coincides with the rheological percolation threshold of CBs. Moreover, conversion of vulcanization under isothermal conditions was continuously reduced as the concentration of CBs increased. This was correlated to the magnitude of the physical restrictions exerted by CBs, depending on the specific surface area of each CB. However, it was also shown that this restriction could be alleviated at higher temperatures during non-isothermal vulcanization, which enhances the degree of conversion in crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostaffa Hosseini
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-114, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Thiounn T, Lauer MK, Bedford MS, Smith RC, Tennyson AG. Thermally-healable network solids of sulfur-crosslinked poly(4-allyloxystyrene). RSC Adv 2018; 8:39074-39082. [PMID: 35558296 PMCID: PMC9090968 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06847j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Network polymers of sulfur and poly(4-allyloxystyrene), PAOS x (x = percent by mass sulfur, where x is varied from 10-99), were prepared by reaction between poly(4-allyloxystyrene) with thermal homolytic ring-opened S8 in a thiol-ene-type reaction. The extent to which sulfur content and crosslinking influence thermal/mechanical properties was assessed. Network materials having sulfur content below 50% were found to be thermosets, whereas those having >90% sulfur content are thermally healable and remeltable. DSC analysis revealed that low sulfur-content materials exhibited neither a T g nor a T m from -50 to 140 °C, whereas higher sulfur content materials featured T g or T m values that scale with the amount of sulfur. DSC data also revealed that sulfur-rich domains of PAOS90 are comprised of sulfur-crosslinked organic polymers and amorphous sulfur, whereas, sulfur-rich domains in PAOS99 are comprised largely of α-sulfur (orthorhombic sulfur). These conclusions are further corroborated by CS2-extraction and analysis of extractable/non-extractable fractions. Calculations based on TGA, FT-IR, H2S trapping experiments, CS2-extractable mass, and elemental combustion microanalysis data were used to assess the relative percentages of free and crosslinked sulfur and average number of S atoms per crosslink. Dynamic mechanical analyses indicate high storage moduli for PAOS90 and PAOS99 (on the order of 3 and 6 GPa at -37 °C, respectively), with a mechanical T g between -17 °C and 5 °C. A PAOS99 sample retains its full initial mechanical strength after at least 12 pulverization-thermal healing cycles, making it a candidate for facile repair and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timmy Thiounn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Moira K Lauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Monte S Bedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Rhett C Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Andrew G Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
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19
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Sulfur Radicals and Their Application. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:22. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Arslan M, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Recycling and Self-Healing of Polybenzoxazines with Dynamic Sulfide Linkages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5207. [PMID: 28701718 PMCID: PMC5507923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a recycling and self-healing strategy for polybenzoxazines through both S-S bond cleavage-reformation reaction and supramolecular attractions is described. Both recyclable and self-healable polybenzoxazines can be prepared from low cost chemicals with a simple procedure in only 30 minutes. For this purpose, inverse vulcanization of poly(propylene oxide)benzoxazine (PPOB) and diallybenzoxazine (B-al) with elemental sulfur was performed at 185 °C. The obtained cross-linked polymer films exhibited thermally driven recycling ability up to 5 cycles. Moreover, the self-healing ability of a test specimen was shown. Spectral characterizations, thermal stability and fracture toughness of the films were investigated after each recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Arslan
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34460, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34460, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34460, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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