1
|
Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eren TN, Feist F, Ehrmann K, Barner-Kowollik C. Cooperative Network Formation via Two-Colour Light-Activated λ-Orthogonal Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307535. [PMID: 37358799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Independently addressing photoreactive sites within one molecule with two colours of light is a formidable challenge. Here, we combine two sequence independent λ-orthogonal chromophores in one heterotelechelic dilinker molecule, to exploit their disparate reactivity utilizing the same reaction partner, a maleimide-containing polymer. We demonstrate that polymer network formation only proceeds if two colours of light are employed. Upon single colour irradiation, linker-decorated post-functionalized polymers are generated at either wavelength and in either sequence. Network formation, however, is only achieved by sequential or simultaneous two colour irradiation. The herein introduced photoreactive system demonstrates the power of wavelength orthogonal chemistry in macromolecular synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Nur Eren
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Florian Feist
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Chemistry and Physics, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Materials Science, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Chemistry and Physics, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Materials Science, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rylski AK, Maraliga T, Wu Y, Recker EA, Arrowood AJ, Sanoja GE, Page ZA. Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Soft Semicrystalline Acrylates with Localized Shape Memory and Stiffness Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37418641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Multimaterial three-dimensional (3D) printing of objects with spatially tunable thermomechanical properties and shape-memory behavior provides an attractive approach toward programmable "smart" plastics with applications in soft robotics and electronics. To date, digital light processing 3D printing has emerged as one of the fastest manufacturing methods that maintains high precision and resolution. Despite the common utility of semicrystalline polymers in stimuli-responsive materials, few reports exist whereby such polymers have been produced via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. Herein, two commodity long-alkyl chain acrylates (C18, stearyl and C12, lauryl) and mixtures therefrom are systematically examined as neat resin components for DLP 3D printing of semicrystalline polymer networks. Tailoring the stearyl/lauryl acrylate ratio results in a wide breadth of thermomechanical properties, including tensile stiffness spanning three orders of magnitude and temperatures from below room temperature (2 °C) to above body temperature (50 °C). This breadth is attributed primarily to changes in the degree of crystallinity. Favorably, the relationship between resin composition and the degree of crystallinity is quadratic, making the thermomechanical properties reproducible and easily programmable. Furthermore, the shape-memory behavior of 3D-printed objects upon thermal cycling is characterized, showing good fatigue resistance and work output. Finally, multimaterial 3D-printed structures with vertical gradation in composition are demonstrated where concomitant localization of thermomechanical properties enables multistage shape-memory and strain-selective behavior. The present platform represents a promising route toward customizable actuators for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tejas Maraliga
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yudian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Recker
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anthony J Arrowood
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gabriel E Sanoja
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi-Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200586. [PMID: 36107158 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoreactions provide a unique way to locally and independently control (thermo)mechanical properties and functionality of polymer networks simply by choice of the wavelength. Herein, a library of acrylate functional coumarin monomers is synthesized, which are cured by sequence-dependent wavelength orthogonality. In the presence of a long wavelength absorbing photoinitiator, the monomers undergo rapid curing by visible light induced radical chain growth polymerization. Subsequent irradiation with light in the UV-A region selectively initiates the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the coumarin chromophores, which is confirmed by FTIR and UV-vis experiments. Through a well-targeted design, acrylate-based and thiol-acrylate resin formulations are prepared, whose fast curing rate, low viscosity, and prolonged storage stability enable the one-step fabrication of multi-material structures by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. By using a dual-wavelength printer, which operates at two different wavelengths (405 and 365 nm), objects comprising soft (ε = 22%, σ = 7.5 MPa) and stiff (ε = 2%, σ = 8.3 MPa) domains are printed with a single resin vat. Along with tensile properties, the wavelength selective change in the network structure features a local control of the glass transition temperature (ΔTg = 17 °C) in the 3D-printed objects. Soft active devices are fabricated by dual-wavelength DLP 3D printing, with distinct domains having a higher Tg and the local programming of multi shapes is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Mathias Fleisch
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
Collapse
|
6
|
Foster JC, Cook AW, Monk NT, Jones BH, Appelhans LN, Redline EM, Leguizamon SC. Continuous Additive Manufacturing using Olefin Metathesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200770. [PMID: 35274480 PMCID: PMC9108613 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of chemistry is reported to implement selective dual-wavelength olefin metathesis polymerization for continuous additive manufacturing (AM). A resin formulation based on dicyclopentadiene is produced using a latent olefin metathesis catalyst, various photosensitizers (PSs) and photobase generators (PBGs) to achieve efficient initiation at one wavelength (e.g., blue light) and fast catalyst decomposition and polymerization deactivation at a second (e.g., UV-light). This process enables 2D stereolithographic (SLA) printing, either using photomasks or patterned, collimated light. Importantly, the same process is readily adapted for 3D continuous AM, with printing rates of 36 mm h-1 for patterned light and up to 180 mm h-1 using un-patterned, high intensity light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam W. Cook
- Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM87185USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chambers LC, Barner-Kowollik C, Barner L, Michalek L, Frisch H. Photostationary State in Dynamic Covalent Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:532-536. [PMID: 35575324 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We explore a cross-linked polymer network based on a visible light photodynamic [2 + 2] cycloaddition driven by styrylpyrene chemistry. Based on a polymer backbone with pendent styrylpyrene units, the network can be formed by using λ = 450 nm irradiation. Upon irradiation with λ = 340 nm, a photostationary state is generated within the network with ∼17% of the styrylpyrene units open compared to close to 2% in the visible light cured state. The limited fraction of open [2 + 2] couples is caused by their proximity and is in sharp contrast to solution experiments on the photoreactive moiety. Thus, the polymer network retains its mechanical properties even at the photostationary point. We hypothesize that the application of an additional stimulus could serve as a second gate for inducing network disintegration by spacing the [2 + 2] units during ultraviolet irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. Chambers
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Lukas Michalek
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu H, Huang P, Wu T, Chen C, Shi J, Xu M, Qiu L, Ding Y, Zhu J. PDLC with controllable microstructure using wavelength-selective two-stage polymerization. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Kamm PW, Rodrigues LL, Walden SL, Blinco JP, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. Sequence-independent activation of photocycloadditions using two colours of light. Chem Sci 2022; 13:531-535. [PMID: 35126985 PMCID: PMC8729803 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06154b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We exploit two reactive chromophores to establish sequence-independent photochemical activation, employing ortho-methyl benzaldehyde (oMBA) and N,N-(dimethylamino)pyrene aryl tetrazole (APAT) with N-(2-hydroxy)ethyl maleimide (NHEM), without any additives. Critically, the order of the irradiation sequence is irrelevant, as the shorter wavelength does not activate the higher wavelength activated species. Therefore, full sequence-independent λ-orthogonality is achieved through differences in both the reaction quantum yields (Φ r,oMBA and Φ r,APAT) and wavelength-dependent reactivity profiles of the employed chromophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp W Kamm
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Molecular Physical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, Geb. 30.44 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Leona L Rodrigues
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Molecular Physical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, Geb. 30.44 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang S, Kim K, Musgrave GM, Sharp M, Sinha J, Stansbury JW, Musgrave CB, Bowman CN. Determining Michael Acceptor Reactivity from Kinetic, Mechanistic, and Computational Analysis for the Base-catalyzed Thiol-Michael Reaction. Polym Chem 2021; 12:3619-3628. [PMID: 34484433 PMCID: PMC8409055 DOI: 10.1039/d1py00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and computational study of the reactivities of seven commonly used Michael acceptors paired with two thiols within the framework of photobase-catalyzed thiol-Michael reactions is reported. The rate coefficients of the propagation (kP), reverse propagation (k-P), chain-transfer (kCT), and overall reaction (koverall) were experimentally determined and compared with the well-accepted electrophilicity parameters of Mayr and Parr, and DFT-calculated energetics. Both Mayr's and Parr's electrophilicity parameters predict the reactivities of these structurally varying vinyl functional groups well, covering a range of overall reaction rate coefficients from 0.5 to 6.2 s-1. To gain insight into the individual steps, the relative energies have been calculated using DFT for each of the stationary points along this step-growth reaction between ethanethiol and the seven alkenes. The free energies of the individual steps reveal the underlying factors that control the reaction barriers for propagation and chain transfer. Both the propagation and chain transfer steps are under kinetic control. These results serve as a useful guide for Michael acceptor selection to design and predict thiol-Michael-based materials with appropriate kinetic and material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Kangmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Grant M Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Marcus Sharp
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- School of Dental Medicine, Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hoekstra DC, van der Lubbe BPAC, Bus T, Yang L, Grossiord N, Debije MG, Schenning APHJ. Wavelength-Selective Photopolymerization of Hybrid Acrylate-Oxetane Liquid Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10935-10941. [PMID: 33620140 PMCID: PMC8252527 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on the wavelength-selective photopolymerization of a hybrid acrylate-oxetane cholesteric liquid crystal monomer mixture. By controlling the sequence and rate of the orthogonal free-radical and cationic photopolymerization reactions, it is possible to control the degree of phase separation in the resulting liquid crystal interpenetrating networks. We show that this can be used to tune the reflective color of the structurally colored coatings produced. Conversely, the structural color can be used to monitor the degree of phase separation. Our new photopolymerization procedure allows for structuring liquid crystal networks in three dimensions, which has great potential for fabricating liquid crystal polymer materials with programmable functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davey C. Hoekstra
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyGroene Loper 35612 AEEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyGroene Loper 35612 AEEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Bodine P. A. C. van der Lubbe
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyGroene Loper 35612 AEEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Tom Bus
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyGroene Loper 35612 AEEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Lanti Yang
- T&ISABICPlasticslaan 14612 PXBergen op ZoomThe Netherlands
| | | | - Michael G. Debije
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyGroene Loper 35612 AEEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and DevicesDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyGroene Loper 35612 AEEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyGroene Loper 35612 AEEindhovenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hoekstra DC, Lubbe BPAC, Bus T, Yang L, Grossiord N, Debije MG, Schenning APHJ. Wavelength‐Selective Photopolymerization of Hybrid Acrylate‐Oxetane Liquid Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davey C. Hoekstra
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Groene Loper 3 5612 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Groene Loper 3 5612 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Bodine P. A. C. Lubbe
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Groene Loper 3 5612 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Tom Bus
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Groene Loper 3 5612 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Lanti Yang
- T&I SABIC Plasticslaan 1 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Grossiord
- T&I SABIC Plasticslaan 1 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Groene Loper 3 5612 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Groene Loper 3 5612 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Groene Loper 3 5612 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sutherland BP, Kabra M, Kloxin CJ. Expanding the Thiol-X Toolbox: Photoinitiation and Materials Application of the Acid-Catalyzed Thiol-ene (ACT) Reaction. Polym Chem 2021; 12:1562-1570. [PMID: 33815572 PMCID: PMC8011277 DOI: 10.1039/d0py01593h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The acid-catalyzed thiol-ene reaction (ACT) is a unique thiol-X conjugation strategy that produces S,X-acetal conjugates. Unlike the well-known radical-mediated thiol-ene and anion-mediated thiol-Michael reactions that produce static thioether bonds, acetals provide unique function for various fields such as drug delivery and protecting group chemistries; however, this reaction is relatively underutilized for creating new and unique materials owing to the unexplored reactivity over a broad set of substrates and potential side reactions. Solution-phase studies using a range of thiol and alkene substrates were conducted to evaluate the ACT reaction as a conjugation strategy. Substrates that efficiently undergo cationic polymerizations, such as those containing vinyl functional groups, were found to be highly reactive to thiols in the presence of catalytic amounts of acid. Additionally, sequential initiation of three separate thiol-X reactions (thiol-Michael, ACT, and thiol-ene) was achieved in a one-pot scheme simply by the addition of the appropriate catalyst demonstrating substrate selectivity. Furthermore, photoinitiation of the ACT reaction was achieved for the first time under 470 nm blue light using a novel photochromic photoacid. Finally, using multifunctional monomers, solid-state polymer networks were formed using the ACT reaction producing acetal crosslinks. The presence of S,X-acetal bonds results in an increased glass transition temperature of 20 °C as compared with the same polymeric film polymerized through the radical thiol-ene mechanism. This investigation demonstrates the broad impact of the ACT reaction and expands upon the diverse thiol-X library of conjugation strategies towards the development of novel materials systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Sutherland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Mukund Kabra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Christopher J Kloxin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, Wang X, Chatani S, Bowman CN. Phosphonium Tetraphenylborate: A Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Induced, Nucleophile-Initiated Thiol-Michael Addition Photopolymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:84-89. [PMID: 35548987 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photoinitiation system that utilizes phosphonium tetraphenylborate as the key component was developed for the visible light-triggered nucleophile-catalyzed thiol-Michael addition reaction. This highly reactive catalyst was composed of a photocaged phosphine (methyldiphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate, MDPP·HBPh4), a photosensitizer (isopropylthioxanthone, ITX), and a radical scavenger (TEMPO). Unlike the prevailing photobase catalysts, this photoactivatable phosphine system triggers the thiol-Michael addition polymerization by a nucleophile-catalyzed mechanism and provides a controlled stoichiometric reaction between the thiol and the vinyl precursors. This approach enables the formation of homogeneous polymer networks upon low-energy visible light exposure and, thus, broadens its potential applications in bulk polymer materials synthesis and UV-sensitive bioscaffold formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiance Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shunsuke Chatani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alves J, Krappitz T, Feist F, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Combining Photodeprotection and Ligation into a Dual-Color Gated Reaction System. Chemistry 2020; 26:16985-16989. [PMID: 32839970 PMCID: PMC7894288 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a photochemical reaction system which requires activation by two colors of light. Specifically, a dual wavelength gated system is established by fusing the visible light mediated deprotection of a dithioacetal with the UV light activated Diels–Alder reaction of an o‐methylbenzaldehyde with n‐ethylmaleimide. Critically, both light sources are required to achieve the Diels–Alder adduct, irradiation with visible or UV light alone does not lead to the target product. The introduced dual gated photochemical system is particularly interesting for application in light driven 3D printing, where two color wavelength activated photoresists may become reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Tim Krappitz
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Florian Feist
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - James P Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Blevins AK, Cox LM, Hu L, Drisko JA, Lin H, Bowman CN, Killgore JP, Ding Y. Spatially Controlled Permeability and Stiffness in Photopatterned Two-Stage Reactive Polymer Films for Enhanced CO2 Barrier and Mechanical Toughness. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne K. Blevins
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Lewis M. Cox
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59715, United States
| | - Leiqing Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | | | - Haiqing Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | | | - Yifu Ding
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamano Y, Murayama K, Asanuma H. Dual Crosslinking Photo‐Switches for Orthogonal Photo‐Control of Hybridization Between Serinol Nucleic Acid and RNA. Chemistry 2020; 27:4599-4604. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuhei Yamano
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464–8603 Japan
| | - Keiji Murayama
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464–8603 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asanuma
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464–8603 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Jung K, Boyer C. Gesteuerte Reaktionsorthogonalität in der Polymer‐ und Materialwissenschaft. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Bursa Technical University Bursa 16310 Turkey
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ahn D, Stevens LM, Zhou K, Page ZA. Rapid High-Resolution Visible Light 3D Printing. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1555-1563. [PMID: 32999930 PMCID: PMC7517116 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven 3D printing to convert liquid resins into solid objects (i.e., photocuring) has traditionally been dominated by engineering disciplines, yielding the fastest build speeds and highest resolution of any additive manufacturing process. However, the reliance on high-energy UV/violet light limits the materials scope due to degradation and attenuation (e.g., absorption and/or scattering). Chemical innovation to shift the spectrum into more mild and tunable visible wavelengths promises to improve compatibility and expand the repertoire of accessible objects, including those containing biological compounds, nanocomposites, and multimaterial structures. Photochemistry at these longer wavelengths currently suffers from slow reaction times precluding its utility. Herein, novel panchromatic photopolymer resins were developed and applied for the first time to realize rapid high-resolution visible light 3D printing. The combination of electron-deficient and electron-rich coinitiators was critical to overcoming the speed-limited photocuring with visible light. Furthermore, azo-dyes were identified as vital resin components to confine curing to irradiation zones, improving spatial resolution. A unique screening method was used to streamline optimization (e.g., exposure time and azo-dye loading) and correlate resin composition to resolution, cure rate, and mechanical performance. Ultimately, a versatile and general visible-light-based printing method was shown to afford (1) stiff and soft objects with feature sizes <100 μm, (2) build speeds up to 45 mm/h, and (3) mechanical isotropy, rivaling modern UV-based 3D printing technology and providing a foundation from which bio- and composite-printing can emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dowon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lynn M. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Jung K, Boyer C. Mediating Reaction Orthogonality in Polymer and Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1748-1781. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Bursa Technical University Bursa 16310 Turkey
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Woods EF, Berl AJ, Kalow JA. Photocontrolled Synthesis of n‐Type Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F. Woods
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Alexandra J. Berl
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Julia A. Kalow
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL 60208 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Woods EF, Berl AJ, Kalow JA. Photocontrolled Synthesis of n-Type Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6062-6067. [PMID: 31922643 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches to synthesize π-conjugated polymers (CPs) are dominated by thermally driven, transition-metal-mediated reactions. Herein we show that electron-deficient Grignard monomers readily polymerize under visible-light irradiation at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst. The product distribution can be tuned by the wavelength of irradiation based on the absorption of the polymer. Conversion studies are consistent with an uncontrolled chain-growth process; correspondingly, chain extension produces all-conjugated n-type block copolymers. Preliminary results demonstrate that the polymerization can be expanded to donor-acceptor alternating copolymers. We anticipate that this method can serve as a platform to access new architectures of n-type CPs without the need for transition-metal catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F Woods
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alexandra J Berl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Aubert S, Bezagu M, Spivey AC, Arseniyadis S. Spatial and temporal control of chemical processes. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
25
|
Podgórski M, Worrell BT, Sinha J, McBride MK, Bowman CN. Thermal Metamorphosis in (Meth)acrylate Photopolymers: Stress Relaxation, Reshaping, and Second-Stage Reaction. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curia-Sklodowska University, pl. Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Brady T. Worrell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew K. McBride
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lai H, Zhu D, Xiao P. Yellow Triazine as an Efficient Photoinitiator for Polymerization and 3D Printing under LEDs. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Lai
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Di Zhu
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Menzel JP, Feist F, Tuten B, Weil T, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-Controlled Orthogonal Covalent Bond Formation at Two Different Wavelengths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7470-7474. [PMID: 30916368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report light-induced reactions in a two-chromophore system capable of sequence-independent λ-orthogonal reactivity relying solely on the choice of wavelength and solvent. In a solution of water and acetonitrile, LED irradiation at λmax =285 nm leads to full conversion of 2,5-diphenyltetrazoles with N-ethylmaleimide to the pyrazoline ligation products. Simultaneously present o-methylbenzaldehyde thioethers are retained. Conversely, LED irradiation at λmax =382 nm is used to induce ligation of the o-methylbenzaldehydes in acetonitrile with N-ethylmaleimide via o-quinodimethanes, while 2,5-diphenyltetrazoles also present are retained. This unprecedented photochemical selectivity is achieved through control of the number and wavelength of incident photons as well as favorable optical properties and quantum yields of the reactants in their environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Menzel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Florian Feist
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bryan Tuten
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Menzel JP, Feist F, Tuten B, Weil T, Blinco JP, Barner‐Kowollik C. Lichtinduzierte orthogonale Bildung kovalenter Bindungen durch zwei Wellenlängen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Menzel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - Florian Feist
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bryan Tuten
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5170-5189. [PMID: 30066456 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of photochemistry to polymer and material science has led to the development of complex yet efficient systems for polymerization, polymer post-functionalization, and advanced materials production. Using light to activate chemical reaction pathways in these systems not only leads to exquisite control over reaction dynamics, but also allows complex synthetic protocols to be easily achieved. Compared to polymerization systems mediated by thermal, chemical, or electrochemical means, photoinduced polymerization systems can potentially offer more versatile methods for macromolecular synthesis. We highlight the utility of light as an energy source for mediating photopolymerization, and present some promising examples of systems which are advancing materials production through their exploitation of photochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen Q, Yang Q, Gao P, Chi B, Nie J, He Y. Photopolymerization of Coumarin-Containing Reversible Photoresponsive Materials Based on Wavelength Selectivity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Baihong Chi
- Beijing Institute of Satellite Information Engineering, Beijing 100086, P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yong He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bialas S, Michalek L, Marschner DE, Krappitz T, Wegener M, Blinco J, Blasco E, Frisch H, Barner-Kowollik C. Access to Disparate Soft Matter Materials by Curing with Two Colors of Light. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807288. [PMID: 30614578 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A platform technology for multimaterial photoresists that can be orthogonally cured by disparate colors of light is introduced. The resist's photochemistry is designed such that one wavelength selectively activates the crosslinking of one set of macromolecules, while a different wavelength initiates network formation of a different set of chains. Each wavelength is thus highly selective towards a specific photoligation reaction within the resist. Critically, the shorter wavelength does not induce ligation of the longer wavelength selective species within the same resist mixture, defined as "wavelength orthogonality." Uniquely, this dual-color addressable resist system allows generating spatially resolved soft matter materials by simply selecting the curing wavelength, thus constituting a wavelength-orthogonal multimaterial resist with applications ranging from coatings to 3D additive manufacturing of multimaterial architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bialas
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lukas Michalek
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - David E Marschner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tim Krappitz
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - James Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin JT, Liu HW, Chen KT, Cheng DC. Modeling the Optimal Conditions for Improved Efficacy and Crosslink Depth of Photo-Initiated Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E217. [PMID: 30960200 PMCID: PMC6419268 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal conditions for maximum efficacy of photoinitiated polymerization are theoretically presented. Analytic formulas are shown for the crosslink time, crosslink depth, and efficacy function. The roles of photoinitiator (PI) concentration, diffusion depth, and light intensity on the polymerization spatial and temporal profiles are presented for both uniform and non-uniform cases. For the type I mechanism, higher intensity may accelerate the polymer action process, but it suffers a lower steady-state efficacy. This may be overcome by a controlled re-supply of PI concentration during the light exposure. In challenging the conventional Beer⁻Lambert law (BLL), a generalized, time-dependent BLL (a Lin-law) is derived. This study, for the first time, presents analytic formulas for curing depth and crosslink time without the assumption of thin-film or spatial average. Various optimal conditions are developed for maximum efficacy based on a numerically-fit A-factor. Experimental data are analyzed for the role of PI concentration and light intensity on the gelation (crosslink) time and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Teng Lin
- New Vision Inc., 10F, No. 55, Sect.3, Xinbei Blvd, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Hsia-Wei Liu
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Ti Chen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Da-Chuan Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pan H, Chen S, Jin M, Malval JP, Wan D, Morlet-Savary F. A substituentpara-to-orthopositioning effect drives the photoreactivity of a dibenzothiophene-based oxalate series used as LED-excitable free radical photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzothiophene-based oxalate derivatives were synthesized as type I photoinitiators, and their photoinitiation properties depend on the substituentpara-to-orthopositioning effect of the oxalates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Pan
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Jean-Pierre Malval
- Institute de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- Mulhouse
- France
| | - Decheng Wan
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institute de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- Mulhouse
- France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xu S, Yeow J, Boyer C. Exploiting Wavelength Orthogonality for Successive Photoinduced Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly and Photo-Crosslinking. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1376-1382. [PMID: 35651246 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile benchtop process for the synthesis of cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles by exploiting wavelength-selective photochemistry to perform orthogonal photoinduced polymerization-induced self-assembly (Photo-PISA) and photo-crosslinking processes. We first established that the water-soluble photocatalyst, zinc meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetrachloride (ZnTMPyP) could activate the aqueous PET-RAFT dispersion polymerization of hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA). This photo-PISA process could be conducted under low energy red light (λmax = 595 nm, 10.2 mW/cm2) and without deoxygenation due to the action of the singlet oxygen quencher, biotin (vitamin B7), which allowed for the synthesis of a range of nanoparticle morphologies (spheres, worms, and vesicles) directly in 96-well plates. To perform wavelength selective nanoparticle cross-linking, we added the photoresponsive monomer, 7-[4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin] methacrylamide (TCMAm) as a comonomer without inhibiting the evolution of the nanoparticle morphology. Importantly, under red light, exclusive activation of the photo-PISA process occurs, with no evidence of TCMAm dimerization under these conditions. Subsequent switching to a UV source (λmax = 365 nm, 10.2 mW/cm2) resulted in rapid cross-linking of the polymer chains, allowing for retention of the nanoparticle morphology in organic solvents. This facile synthesis of cross-linked spheres, worms, and vesicles demonstrates the utility of orthogonal light-mediated chemistry for performing decoupled wavelength selective chemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang X, Cox L, Wen Z, Xi W, Ding Y, Bowman CN. Implementation of two distinct wavelengths to induce multistage polymerization in shape memory materials and nanoimprint lithography. POLYMER 2018; 156:162-168. [PMID: 31105340 PMCID: PMC6519971 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, a process is introduced for forming dual stage thiol-Michael/acrylate hybrid networks photocured by two different wavelengths, demonstrating its use in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and shape memory materials. Initiated with a visible light sensitive photobase and a UV-sensitive radical initiator, thiol-Michael-acrylate hybrid polymerizations were programmed to proceed sequentially and orthogonally, with base-catalyzed thiol-Michael photopolymerization as the first stage and radical mediated acrylate photopolymerization as the second stage. By regulating the photopolymerization formulations, i.e. thiol-to-acrylate ratios, initiator loadings and irradiation conditions, a series of materials with highly tunable mechanical performance was achieved, with ultimate Tg values ranging from 23 to 70 °C. With a photopatternable first stage and a readily reconfigurable second stage, its implementation in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) enabled surface features on the scale of 10 nm to be formed on a photopatterned substrate. Additionally, the dual stage polymer results in a relatively homogenous polymer network with a narrow glass transition temperature (Tg), which enables rapid response in applications as shape memory materials, with shape-fixity values above 95% and shaperecovery values above 99%. With its unique photocuring process and programmable mechanical properties, the two color light controlled photopolymerization can be exploited as a useful tool in a wide range of materials science applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Lewis Cox
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Zhibin Wen
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials (ERCEPM-MOE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Yifu Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li L, Huang J, Zhang Y. Synthesis of Comb-Like Macromolecules via Semi-Batch Miniemulsion RAFT Polymerizations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dolinski ND, Page ZA, Callaway EB, Eisenreich F, Garcia RV, Chavez R, Bothman DP, Hecht S, Zok FW, Hawker CJ. Solution Mask Liquid Lithography (SMaLL) for One-Step, Multimaterial 3D Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800364. [PMID: 29931700 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology for printing 3D objects with spatially resolved mechanical and chemical properties is reported. Photochromic molecules are used to control polymerization through coherent bleaching fronts, providing large depths of cure and rapid build rates without the need for moving parts. The coupling of these photoswitches with resin mixtures containing orthogonal photo-crosslinking systems allows simultaneous and selective curing of multiple networks, providing access to 3D objects with chemically and mechanically distinct domains. The power of this approach is showcased through the one-step fabrication of bioinspired soft joints and mechanically reinforced "brick-and-mortar" structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Dolinski
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - E Benjamin Callaway
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronnie V Garcia
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Roberto Chavez
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - David P Bothman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank W Zok
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory (MRL), University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huang S, Sinha J, Podgórski M, Zhang X, Claudino M, Bowman CN. Mechanistic Modeling of the Thiol–Michael Addition Polymerization Kinetics: Structural Effects of the Thiol and Vinyl Monomers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, MCS University, Gliniana St. 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Mauro Claudino
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang X, Xi W, Gao G, Wang X, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. o-Nitrobenzyl-Based Photobase Generators: Efficient Photoinitiators for Visible-Light Induced Thiol-Michael Addition Photopolymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:852-857. [PMID: 35650759 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, three o-nitrobenzyl-based photobase systems were synthesized and evaluated for visible light initiated thiol-Michael addition polymerizations. With a modified structure, the (3,4-methylenedioxy-6-nitrophenyl)-propyloxycarbonyl (MNPPOC) protected base performance exceeds that of the nonsubstituted 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-propyloxycarbonyl (NPPOC) protected base and an ITX sensitized photobase system, with respect to both long-wavelength light sensitivity and photolytic efficiency. In material synthesis, MNPPOC-TMG is capable of initiating photo thiol-Michael polymerization efficiently and orthogonally with only limited visible light exposure and generating a highly homogeneous cross-linked polymer network. This approach enables the thiol-Michael "click" reaction to be conducted with a low-energy, visible light irradiation and, thus, expands its applications in biocompatible and UV sensitive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Guangzhe Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiance Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Estupiñán D, Barner‐Kowollik C, Barner L. Bestimmung der Verknüpfungspunkte in fluoreszenten Polymernetzwerken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Estupiñán
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITCP) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Estupiñán D, Barner‐Kowollik C, Barner L. Counting the Clicks in Fluorescent Polymer Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5925-5929. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Estupiñán
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lauer A, Steinkoenig J, Jöckle P, Kelterer AM, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. Installing lactone chain termini during photoinduced polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00457a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We exploit the Thorpe–Ingold effect as a spontaneous end group transformation method during photo-induced polymerization of methacrylates using the functional (2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropio-phenone) species as radical photoinitiator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauer
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Philipp Jöckle
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Andreas N. Unterreiner
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|