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Yao Z, Meyerbröker N, Qi Y, Cremer J, Westphal M, Anselmetti D, Yang Y, Gölzhäuser A. Scalable Synthesis of Carbon Nanomembranes from Amorphous Molecular Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41101-41108. [PMID: 37587014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) created by self-assembled monolayers ideally combine a high water flux and precise ion selectivity for molecular separation and water desalination. However, their practical implementation is often challenged by the availability of large epitaxial substrates, limiting the membrane up-scaling. Here, we report a scalable synthesis of CNMs from poly(4-vinylbiphenyl) (PVBP) spin-coated on SiO2/Si wafers. Electron irradiation of the amorphous PVBP molecular layers induces the formation of a continuous membrane with a thickness of 15 nm and a high density of subnanometer pores, providing a water permeance as high as 530 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, while repelling ions and molecules larger than 1 nm in size. A further introduction of a reinforced porous block copolymer layer enables the fabrication of centimeter-scale CNM composites that efficiently separate organic dyes from water. These results suggest a feasible route for large-scale nanomembrane fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yao
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Yubo Qi
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julian Cremer
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Westphal
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Haibin Road 1119, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Zuo B, Li C, Xu Q, Randazzo K, Jiang N, Wang X, Priestley RD. Ultrastable Glassy Polymer Films with an Ultradense Brush Morphology. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9568-9576. [PMID: 34032418 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glassy polymer films with extreme stability could enable major advancements in a range of fields that require the use of polymers in confined environments. Yet, from a materials design perspective, we now know that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal expansion of polymer thin films can be dramatically different from those characteristics of the bulk, i.e., exhibiting confinement-induced diminished thermal stability. Here, we demonstrate that polymer brushes with an ultrahigh grafting density, i.e., an ultradense brush morphology, exhibit a significant enhancement in thermal stability, as manifested by an exceptionally high Tg and low expansivity. For instance, a 5 nm thick polystyrene brush film exhibits an ∼75 K increase in Tg and ∼90% reduction in expansivity compared to a spin-cast film of similar thickness. Our results establish how morphology can overcome confinement and interfacial effects in controlling thin-film material properties and how this can be achieved by the dense packing and molecular ordering in the amorphous state of ultradense brushes prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization in combination with a self-assembled monolayer of initiators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quanyin Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Katelyn Randazzo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Lee J, Seo M. Downsizing of Block Polymer-Templated Nanopores to One Nanometer via Hyper-Cross-Linking of High χ-Low N Precursors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9154-9166. [PMID: 33950684 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing nanoporous polymer from the block polymer template by selective removal of the sacrificial domain offers straightforward pore size control as a function of the degree of polymerization (N). Downscaling pore size into the microporous regime (<2 nm) has been thermodynamically challenging, because the low N drives the system to disorder and the small-sized pore is prone to collapse. Herein, we report that maximizing cross-linking density of a block polymer precursor with an increased interaction parameter (χ) can help successfully stabilize the structure bearing pore sizes of 1.1 nm. We adopt polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) combined with hyper-cross-linking as a strategy for the preparation of the bicontinuous block polymer precursors with a densely cross-linked framework by copolymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride with divinylbenzene and also Friedel-Crafts alkylation. Incorporating 4-vinylbiphenyl as a higher-χ comonomer to the sacrificial polylactide (PLA) block and optimizing the segregation strength versus cross-linking density allow for further downscaling. Control of pore size by N of PLA is demonstrated in the range of 9.9-1.1 nm. Accessible surface area to fluorescein-tagged dextrans is regulated by the relative size of the pore to the guest, and pore size is controlled. These findings will be useful for designing microporous polymers with tailored pore size for advanced catalytic and separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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López‐Barrón CR. Chain structure, linear viscoelasticity and extensional rheology of poly(4‐vinyl biphenyl‐stat‐styrene) statistical copolymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jiao G, Zuo T, Ma C, Han Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhao J, Cheng H, Han CC. 3d Most-Probable All-Atom Structure of Atactic Polystyrene During Glass Formation: A Neutron Total Scattering Study. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Jiao
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science(CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Taisen Zuo
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science(CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Changli Ma
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science(CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Zehua Han
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science(CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junrong Zhang
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science(CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - He Cheng
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science(CAS), Dongguan 523803, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Charles C. Han
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 508060, China
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López-Barrón CR, Burghardt WR, Kweon MS. Local and Global Stretching of Polymer Chains during Startup of Extensional Flow. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:26-31. [PMID: 35638655 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear rheological response to extensional flows in entangled polymers is related to the segmental chain stretching and to the chemical identity of the monomeric units. The latter has a strong effect on the drag coefficients, and therefore, quantification of molecular conformation changes in the subnanometer scale (at the monomer level) are crucial to fully understand nonlinear viscoelastic behavior in polymer melts. We report in situ time-resolved extensional rheo-small-angle neutron scattering (tEr-SANS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (tEr-WAXS) during startup of uniaxial flow on a monodisperse polystyrene melt. Flow-induced segmental alignment was quantified with tEr-SANS, whereas local alignment of the backbone-backbone and phenyl-phenyl interactions were measured with tEr-WAXS. Linear relations between the three alignment factors and stress were observed at low stresses, which confirmed the validity of simple stress-SANS and stress-WAXS rules (SSR and SWR, respectively). Significant differences in SSR and SWR coefficients, as well as the stress values for failure of the two rules suggest very different correlations between global (at the segmental level) and local (at the monomer level) conformations with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley R. Burghardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mu Sung Kweon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Mao Z, Hu C, Li Z, Chen Z. A reversed-phase/hydrophilic bifunctional interaction mixed-mode monolithic column with biphenyl and quaternary ammonium stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography. Analyst 2019; 144:4386-4394. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel RPLC/HILIC mixed-mode monolithic column with biphenyl and quaternary ammonium stationary phases is synthesized for capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Changjun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Zhentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
- China
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Mao X, Liu L, Xiao F, Ni W, Cheng X. An innovative reversed-phase monolithic column modified with 4-vinylbiphenyl and ionic liquid stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A poly(VBP-co-EDMA-co-IL) monolithic column was used for electrochromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangju Mao
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
| | - Lu Liu
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
| | - Fang Xiao
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
| | - Wenshan Ni
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
| | - Xintao Cheng
- Zhengzhou Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources
- CAGS
- Zhengzhou 450006
- P. R. China
- China National Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Industrial Minerals
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Matsumiya Y, Watanabe H, Masubuchi Y, Huang Q, Hassager O. Nonlinear Elongational Rheology of Unentangled Polystyrene and Poly(p-tert-butylstyrene) Melts. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsumiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuichi Masubuchi
- Department of Materials Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Hassager
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
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López-Barrón CR, Tsou AH, Hagadorn JR, Throckmorton JA. Highly Entangled α-Olefin Molecular Bottlebrushes: Melt Structure, Linear Rheology, and Interchain Friction Mechanism. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andy H. Tsou
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - John R. Hagadorn
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
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López-Barrón CR, Zhou H. Extensional Strain Hardening Induced by π-π Interactions in Barely Entangled Polymer Chains: The Curious Case of Poly(4-vinylbiphenyl). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:247801. [PMID: 29286722 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.247801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic π-π interactions between phenyl groups of adjacent chains in poly(4-vinylbiphenyl) (PVBP) have profound effects on the dynamics of this polymer. We report two unexpected nonlinear viscoelastic responses of PVBP when subjected to uniaxial flow. One is the unprecedented observation of extensional strain hardening (SH) in a barely entangled polymer melt. An even more intriguing finding is that SH of lightly (or even barely) entangled melts occurs at strain rates one order of magnitude below the coil-stretch transition predicted by Rouse theory (ϵ[over ˙]_{H}=0.5/τ_{R}).We postulate that this behavior is due to a molecular rearrangement mechanism (supported by x-ray diffraction measurements) that involves flow-induced π-π stacking of the phenyl groups, which results in an enhancement of the friction coefficient between polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huaxing Zhou
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, USA
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