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Polyurea for Blast and Impact Protection: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132670. [PMID: 35808715 PMCID: PMC9269495 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurea has attracted extensive attention from researchers and engineers in the field of blast and impact protection due to its excellent quasi-static mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties. Its mechanical properties and energy absorption capacity have been tuned by means of formulation optimization, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the addition of reinforcing materials. Owing to the special molecular structure of polyurea, the mechanism of polyurea protection against blasts and impacts is the simultaneous effect of multiple properties. For different substrates and structures, polyurea needs to provide different performance characteristics, including adhesion, hardness, breaking elongation, etc., depending on the characteristics of the load to which it is subjected. The current article reviews relevant publications in the field of polyurea blast and impact protection, including material optimization, protection mechanisms and applications in blast and impact protection.
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Fractional Walden rule for aprotic ionic liquids: Experimental verification over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rosenbloom SI, Yang SJ, Tsakeredes NJ, Fors BP, Silberstein MN. Microstructural evolution of polyurea under hydrostatic pressure. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cheng S, Musiał M, Wojnarowska Z, Ngai K, Jacquemin J, Paluch M. Universal scaling behavior of entropy and conductivity in ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ransom TC, Casalini R, Fragiadakis D, Roland CM. The complex behavior of the “simplest” liquid: Breakdown of density scaling in tetramethyl tetraphenyl trisiloxane. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:174501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5121021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Ransom
- Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Code 6100, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - R. Casalini
- Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Code 6100, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - D. Fragiadakis
- Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Code 6100, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - C. M. Roland
- Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Code 6100, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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Ransom TC, Casalini R, Fragiadakis D, Holt AP, Roland CM. Comment on "Experimental Evidence for a State-Point-Dependent Density-Scaling Exponent of Liquid Dynamics". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:189601. [PMID: 31763906 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.189601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T C Ransom
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - R Casalini
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - D Fragiadakis
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - A P Holt
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | - C M Roland
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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Wojnarowska Z, Musiał M, Dzida M, Paluch M. Experimental Evidence for a State-Point-Independent Density-Scaling Exponent in Ionic Liquids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:125702. [PMID: 31633969 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.125702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This Letter addresses a fundamental issue of condensed-matter physics, which is the validity of the density-scaling concept. For this purpose, the ambient and high-pressure conductivity measurements of two selected ionic liquids (ILs), with the different contribution of H-bonding interactions, were performed in the dynamic range of 13 orders of magnitude and corresponding to the density changes as large as 20%. All experimental data obtained within one compound are shown to superimpose each other when plotted as a function of ρ^{γ}/T. These results clearly show that for studied ILs the scaling exponent is a state-point-independent parameter that is in odds with the recent findings for van der Waals liquid [Sanz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 055501 (2019)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.122.055501].
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wojnarowska
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, SMCEBI, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
| | - M Musiał
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, Katowice 40-006, Poland
| | - M Dzida
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, Katowice 40-006, Poland
| | - M Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, SMCEBI, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
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Bonetti M, Dubois A. Isochronal superpositioning in the equilibrium regime of superpressed propylene carbonate to ∼ 1.8 GPa: A study by diffusivity measurement of the fluorescent probe Coumarin 1. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:97. [PMID: 31375947 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We address the problem of glass-forming of liquids by superpressing. We study the pressure-induced dynamic change of the fragile van der Waals liquid propylene carbonate towards the glassy state in the equilibrium regime by measuring the diffusivity of the fluorescent probe Coumarin 1 embedded in the host liquid. The probe diffusivity is measured by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique across a bleached volume generated by the near-field diffracted pattern of a laser beam. The recovered fluorescence intensity fits to a stretched exponential with the diffusive time [Formula: see text] and the stretched exponent [Formula: see text] as free parameters. In the pressure range [0.3-1.0]GPa the diffusivity decouples from the Stokes-Einstein relation. The decoupling correlates well to a decrease of [Formula: see text]. The variation of [Formula: see text] is non-monotonous with [Formula: see text] showing a minimum at [Formula: see text] s. We evidence an isochronal superpositioning over about 3 decades of [Formula: see text] between ∼ 10 s and [Formula: see text] s and a density scaling in the whole investigated pressure range. The pressure at which [Formula: see text] is minimum coincides to the dynamical crossover pressure measured by other authors. This crossover pressure is compatible with the critical point of MCT theory. As our studied pressure range encompasses the critical pressure, the non-monotonous variation of [Formula: see text] opens new insight in the approach to the critical point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonetti
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé CEA-SPEC, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Alizée Dubois
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé CEA-SPEC, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Laboratoire de Physique, ENS de Lyon, F-69342, Lyon, France
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Fragiadakis D, Roland C. Intermolecular distance and density scaling of dynamics in molecular liquids. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5098455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Fragiadakis
- Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5342, USA
| | - C.M. Roland
- Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5342, USA
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Lima TA, Faria LF, Paschoal VH, Ribeiro MC. Exploring the phase diagram of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesufonyl)imide. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Sanz A, Hecksher T, Hansen HW, Dyre JC, Niss K, Pedersen UR. Experimental Evidence for a State-Point-Dependent Density-Scaling Exponent of Liquid Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:055501. [PMID: 30822033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.055501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A large class of liquids obey density scaling characterized by an exponent, which quantifies the relative roles of temperature and density for the dynamics. We present experimental evidence that the density-scaling exponent γ is state-point dependent for the glass formers tetramethyl-tetraphenyl-trisiloxane (DC704) and 5-polyphenyl ether (5PPE). A method is proposed that from dynamic and thermodynamic properties at equilibrium estimates the value of γ. The method applies at any state point of the pressure-temperature plane, both in the supercooled and the normal liquid regimes. We find that γ is generally state-point dependent, which is confirmed by reanalyzing data for 20 metallic liquids and two model liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sanz
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tina Hecksher
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henriette Wase Hansen
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jeppe C Dyre
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kristine Niss
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulf R Pedersen
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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