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Adams F. Merging σ-Bond Metathesis with Polymerization Catalysis: Insights into Rare-Earth Metal Complexes, End-Group Functionalization, and Application Prospects. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400122. [PMID: 38831565 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Polymers with well-defined structures, synthesized through metal-catalyzed processes, and having end groups exhibiting different polarity and reactivity than the backbone, are gaining considerable attention in both scientific and industrial communities. These polymers show potential applications as fundamental building blocks and additives in the creation of innovative functional materials. Investigations are directed toward identifying the most optimal and uncomplicated synthetic approach by employing a combination of living coordination polymerization mediated by rare-earth metal complexes and C-H bond activation reaction by σ-bond metathesis. This combination directly yields catalysts with diverse functional groups from a single precursor, enabling the production of terminal-functionalized polymers without the need for sequential reactions, such as termination reactions. The utilization of this innovative methodology allows for precise control over end-group functionalities, providing a versatile approach to tailor the properties and applications of the resulting polymers. This perspective discusses the principles, challenges, and potential advancements associated with this synthetic strategy, highlighting its significance in advancing the interface of metalorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Adams
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Liu L, Ma Y, Li B, Yin L, Zang HY, Zhang N, Bi H, Wang S, Zhu G. Continuous Ultrathin Zwitterionic Covalent Organic Framework Membrane Via Surface-Initiated Polymerization Toward Superior Water Retention. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308499. [PMID: 38009797 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Efficient construction of proton transport channels in proton exchange membranes maintaining conductivity under varied humidity is critical for the development of fuel cells. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hold great potential in providing precise and fast ion transport channels. However, the preparation of continuous free-standing COF membranes retaining their inherent structural advantages to realize excellent proton conduction performance is a major challenge. Herein, a zwitterionic COF material bearing positive ammonium ions and negative sulphonic acid ions is developed. Free-standing COF membrane with adjustable thickness is constructed via surface-initiated polymerization of COF monomers. The porosity, continuity, and stability of the membranes are demonstrated via the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization. The rigidity of the COF structure avoids swelling in aqueous solution, which improves the chemical stability of the proton exchange membranes and improves the performance stability. In the higher humidity range (50-90%), the prepared zwitterionic COF membrane exhibits superior capability in retaining the conductivity compared to COF membrane merely bearing sulphonic acid group. The established strategy shows the potential for the application of zwitterionic COF in the proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ma
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Liying Yin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Zang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hai Bi
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
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Yin L, Liu L, Zhang N. Brush-like polymers: design, synthesis and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10484-10499. [PMID: 34550120 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the development of controlled polymerisation, almost all polymerisation strategies have been successfully transplanted to surface-initiated polymerisation. The resulting polymer brushes have emerged as an effective tool for surface functionalization and modulation of the surface properties of materials. To meet various demands it is possible to tailor a material surface with polymer brushes that have diverse dimensionalities, morphologies and compositions. The crowded environment within polymer brushes as well as the stretched conformation of polymer chains sometimes provide unique physicochemical properties, which lead to the delicate creation of inorganic-organic hybridised nanostructures, anti-fouling coatings, biomedical carriers, and materials for use in lubrication, photonics and energy storage. So far, challenges remain in the high-precision synthesis and topological control needed to realize extended applications of polymer brushes. In this Feature Article, we highlight the topology, potential application prospects and various synthetic protocols, particularly for recently established methods, for the efficient synthesis of polymer brushes, as well as their benefits and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
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Halama K, Schaffer A, Rieger B. Allyl group-containing polyvinylphosphonates as a flexible platform for the selective introduction of functional groups via polymer-analogous transformations. RSC Adv 2021; 11:38555-38564. [PMID: 35493229 PMCID: PMC9044137 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06452e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinylphosphonates are highly promising candidates for (bio)medical applications as they exhibit a tunable lower critical solution temperature, high biocompatibility of homo- and copolymers, and a broad foundation for post-synthetic modifications. In this work we explored polymer-analogous transformations with statistical polyvinylphosphonates comprising diethyl vinylphosphonate (DEVP) and diallyl vinylphosphonate (DAlVP). The C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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C double bonds were used as a starting point for a cascade of organic transformations. Initially, the reactive moieties were successfully introduced via bromination, epoxidations with OXONE and mCPBA, or thiol–ene click chemistry with methyl thioglycolate (6). The obtained substrates were then employed in a variety of consecutive reactions depending on the introduced functional motif: (1) the brominated substrates were converted with sodium azide to enable the copper-mediated alkyne–azide coupling with phenylacetylene (1). (2) The epoxides were reacted with sodium azide for an alkyne–azide click coupling with 1 as well as small nucleophilic compounds (phenol (2), benzylamine (3), and 4-amino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol (4)). Afterwards the non-converted allyl groups were reacted with thiochloesterol (5) to form complex polymer conjugates. (3) An acid-labile hydrazone-linked conjugate was formed in a two-step approach. The polymeric substrates were characterized by NMR, FTIR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis and gel permeation chromatography to monitor the structural changes of the polymeric substrates and to prove the success of these modification approaches. A rich functionalization chemistry was established starting from defined, allyl group containing polyvinylphosphonates.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Halama
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching near Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaffer
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching near Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching near Munich, Germany
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Schaffer A, Kränzlein M, Rieger B. Precise Synthesis of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Copolymers through C–H Bond-Activated Macroinitiators via Yttrium-Mediated Group Transfer Polymerization and Ring-Opening Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaffer
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching near, Munich 85748, Germany
| | - Moritz Kränzlein
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching near, Munich 85748, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching near, Munich 85748, Germany
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Schaffer A, Kränzlein M, Rieger B. Synthesis and Application of Functional Group-Bearing Pyridyl-Based Initiators in Rare Earth Metal-Mediated Group Transfer Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaffer
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching near Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Kränzlein
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching near Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching near Munich, Germany
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Denk A, Kernbichl S, Schaffer A, Kränzlein M, Pehl T, Rieger B. Heteronuclear, Monomer-Selective Zn/Y Catalyst Combines Copolymerization of Epoxides and CO 2 with Group-Transfer Polymerization of Michael-Type Monomers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:571-575. [PMID: 35648488 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Terpolymerizations of cyclohexene oxide (CHO), CO2, and the Michael-type monomer 2-vinylpyridine (2VP) are presented. The combination of two distinct polymerization mechanisms was enabled by the synthesis of a heterobifunctional complex (3). Its β-diiminate zinc moiety allows the ring-opening copolymerization of CHO and CO2, whereas the yttrium metallocene catalyzed the rare earth metal-mediated group-transfer polymerization of the polar vinyl monomer. Both units were connected via the CH-bond activation of a pyridyl-alkoxide linker. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) revealed the successful transfer of the linker to the end-group of the respective homopolymers poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) and poly(2VP) (P2VP) being the prerequisite for copolymer formation. Aliquot gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis and solubility behavior tests confirmed the P2VP-block(b)-PCHC terpolymer formation via two pathways, a sequential and a one-pot procedure. Furthermore, the versatility of the method was demonstrated by introducing 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline (IPOx) as the second Michael-type monomer that yielded the terpolymer poly(IPOx)-b-PCHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Denk
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kernbichl
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaffer
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Kränzlein
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Pehl
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Raus V, Hološ A, Kronek J, Mosnáček J. Well-Defined Linear and Grafted Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline)s Prepared via Copper-Mediated Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization Methods. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Raus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Hološ
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Mosnáček
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wang P, Dong Y, Zhang S, Liu W, Wu Z, Chen H. Protein-resistant properties of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-modified gold surfaces: The advantage of bottle-brushes over linear brushes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:448-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2017. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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