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Casalini T. Not only in silico drug discovery: Molecular modeling towards in silico drug delivery formulations. J Control Release 2021; 332:390-417. [PMID: 33675875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of methods at molecular scale for the discovery of new potential active ligands, as well as previously unknown binding sites for target proteins, is now an established reality. Literature offers many successful stories of active compounds developed starting from insights obtained in silico and approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). One of the most famous examples is raltegravir, a HIV integrase inhibitor, which was developed after the discovery of a previously unknown transient binding area thanks to molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular simulations have the potential to also improve the design and engineering of drug delivery devices, which are still largely based on fundamental conservation equations. Although they can highlight the dominant release mechanism and quantitatively link the release rate to design parameters (size, drug loading, et cetera), their spatial resolution does not allow to fully capture how phenomena at molecular scale influence system behavior. In this scenario, the "computational microscope" offered by simulations at atomic scale can shed light on the impact of molecular interactions on crucial parameters such as release rate and the response of the drug delivery device to external stimuli, providing insights that are difficult or impossible to obtain experimentally. Moreover, the new paradigm brought by nanomedicine further underlined the importance of such computational microscope to study the interactions between nanoparticles and biological components with an unprecedented level of detail. Such knowledge is a fundamental pillar to perform device engineering and to achieve efficient and safe formulations. After a brief theoretical background, this review aims at discussing the potential of molecular simulations for the rational design of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Casalini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Polymer Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via la Santa 1, Lugano 6962, Switzerland.
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Shamsi M, Mohammadi A, Manshadi MK, Sanati-Nezhad A. Mathematical and computational modeling of nano-engineered drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2019; 307:150-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hildebrandt H, Paloheimo O, Mäntylä E, Willman S, Hakanen S, Albrecht K, Groll J, Möller M, Vihinen-Ranta M. Reactive Self-Assembly and Specific Cellular Delivery of NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO)-Derived Nanogels. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800094. [PMID: 29974620 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the reactive self-assembly of isocyanate functional and amphiphilic six-arm, star-shaped polyether prepolymers in water into nanogels. Intrinsic molecular amphiphilicity, mainly driven by the isophorone moiety at the distal endings of the star-shaped molecules, allows for the preparation of spherical particles with an adjustable size of 100-200 nm by self-assembly and subsequent covalent cross-linking without the need for organic solvents or surfactants. Covalent attachment of a fluorescence dye and either the cell-penetrating TAT peptide or a random control peptide sequence shows that only TAT-labeled nanogels are internalized by HeLa cells. The nanogels thus specifically enter the cells and accumulate in the perinuclear area in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haika Hildebrandt
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50,, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Outi Paloheimo
- BioMediTech Department, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1,, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Elina Mäntylä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Survontie 9,, FI-40500, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Sami Willman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Survontie 9,, FI-40500, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Satu Hakanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Survontie 9,, FI-40500, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Krystyna Albrecht
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2,, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50,, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Survontie 9,, FI-40500, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Carr AC, Piunova VA, Maarof H, Rice JE, Swope WC. Influence of Solvent on the Drug-Loading Process of Amphiphilic Nanogel Star Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5356-5367. [PMID: 29385796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We present an all-atom molecular dynamics study of the effect of a range of organic solvents (dichloromethane, diethyl ether, toluene, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and tetrahydrofuran) on the conformations of a nanogel star polymeric nanoparticle with solvophobic and solvophilic structural elements. These nanoparticles are of particular interest for drug delivery applications. As drug loading generally takes place in an organic solvent, this work serves to provide insight into the factors controlling the early steps of that process. Our work suggests that nanoparticle conformational structure is highly sensitive to the choice of solvent, providing avenues for further study as well as predictions for both computational and experimental explorations of the drug-loading process. Our findings suggest that when used in the drug-loading process, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene allow for a more extensive and increased drug-loading into the interior of nanogel star polymers of the composition studied here. In contrast, methanol is more likely to support shallow or surface loading and, consequently, faster drug release rates. Finally, diethyl ether should not work in a formulation process since none of the regions of the nanogel star polymer appear to be sufficiently solvated by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber C Carr
- IBM Almaden Research Center, IBM Research , 650 Harry Road , San Jose , California 95120 , United States
| | - Victoria A Piunova
- IBM Almaden Research Center, IBM Research , 650 Harry Road , San Jose , California 95120 , United States
| | - Hasmerya Maarof
- Department of Chemistry , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , 81310 Johor , Malaysia
| | - Julia E Rice
- IBM Almaden Research Center, IBM Research , 650 Harry Road , San Jose , California 95120 , United States
| | - William C Swope
- IBM Almaden Research Center, IBM Research , 650 Harry Road , San Jose , California 95120 , United States
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