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Mazrad ZAI, Refaat A, Morrow JP, Voelcker NH, Nicolazzo JA, Leiske MN, Kempe K. Folic Acid-Conjugated Brush Polymers Show Enhanced Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing in Static and Dynamic In Vitro Models Toward Brain Cancer Targeting Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2894-2910. [PMID: 38556768 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, evidence has consistently shown that treatment of central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and brain cancer, is limited due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To assist with the development of new therapeutics, it is crucial to engineer a drug delivery system that can cross the BBB efficiently and reach target cells within the brain. In this study, we present a potentially efficient strategy for targeted brain delivery through utilization of folic acid (FA)-conjugated brush polymers, that specifically target the reduced folate carrier (RFC, SLC19A1) expressed on brain endothelial cells. Here, azide (N3)-decorated brush polymers were prepared in a straightforward manner coupling a heterotelechelic α-NH2, ω-N3-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (NH2-PEtOx-N3) to N-acylated poly(amino ester) (NPAE)-based brushes. Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) 'click chemistry' with DBCO-folic acid (FA) yielded FA-brush polymers. Interestingly, while azide functionalization of the brush polymers dramatically reduced their association to brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3), the introduction of FA to azide led to a substantial accumulation of the brush polymers in hCMEC/D3 cells. The ability of the polymeric brush polymers to traverse the BBB was quantitatively assessed using different in vitro BBB models including static Transwell and microfluidic platforms. FA-brush polymers showed efficient transport across hCMEC/D3 cells in a manner dependent on FA composition, whereas nonfunctionalized brush polymers exhibited limited trafficking under the same conditions. Further, cellular uptake inhibition studies suggested that the interaction and transport pathway of FA-brush polymers across BBB relies on the RFC-mediated pathways. The potential application of the developed FA-brush polymers in brain cancer delivery was also investigated in a microfluidic model of BBB-glioblastoma. Brush polymers with more FA units successfully presented an enhanced accumulation into U-87 MG glioma cells following its BBB crossing, compared to controls. These results demonstrate that FA-modified brush polymers hold a great potential for more efficient delivery of future brain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihnil A I Mazrad
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ahmed Refaat
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Azarita 21521, Egypt
| | - Joshua P Morrow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Meike N Leiske
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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2
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Hadjichristidis N. Poly(amino ester)s as an emerging synthetic biodegradable polymer platform: Recent developments and future trends. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Mahmoud AM, Nowell CJ, Feeney O, van 't Hag L, Davis TP, Kempe K. Hydrophobicity Regulates the Cellular Interaction of Cyanine5-Labeled Poly(3-hydroxypropionate)-Based Comb Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3560-3571. [PMID: 35921528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the effect of physicochemical properties of nanocarriers on their cellular uptake and fate is crucial for the development of novel delivery systems. In this study, well-defined hydrophobic carboxylated poly(3-hydroxypropionate)-based comb polymers were synthesized. Two oligo(3-hydroxypropionate) (HPn) of different degrees of polymerization (DP; 5 and 9) bearing α-vinyl end-groups were obtained by an hydrogen transfer polymerization (HTP)-liquid/liquid extraction strategy. 2-Carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA), representing the DP 1 analogue of HPn, was also included in the study. (Macro)monomers were polymerized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and fully characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. All polymers were non-hemolytic and non-cytotoxic against NIH/3T3 cells. Detailed cellular association and uptake studies of Cy5-labeled polymers by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that the carboxylated water-soluble PCEA, the polymer with the shortest side chain, efficiently targets mitochondria. However, increasing the side-chain DP led to a change in the intracellular fate. P(HP5) was trafficked to both mitochondria and lysosomes, while P(HP9) was exclusively found in lysosomes. Importantly, FLIM-FRET investigation of P(HP5) provided initial insight into the mitochondria subcompartment location of Cy5-labeled carboxylated polymers. Moreover, intracellular uptake mechanism studies were performed. Blocking scavenger receptors by dextran sulfate or cooling cells to 4 °C significantly affected the cell association of hydrophobic carboxylated polymers with an insignificant response to membrane-potential inhibitors. In contrast, water-soluble carboxylated polymers' cellular association was substantially inhibited in cells treated with compounds depleting the mitochondrial potential (ΔΨ). Overall, this study highlights hydrophobicity as a valuable means to tune the cellular interaction of carboxylated polymers and thus will inform the design of future drug carriers based on Cy5-modified carboxylated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaat M Mahmoud
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Orlagh Feeney
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Leonie van 't Hag
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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4
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Xiao W, Xu L, Liu P, Chen Y, Zhang J, Xu J. Hybrid Copolymerization of Ethylene Oxide and tert-Butyl Methacrylate with Organocatalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152546. [PMID: 34372149 PMCID: PMC8347643 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid copolymerization of structurally different, reactivity and mechanism distinct monomers (e.g., cyclic and vinyl type monomers) is of great interest and challenge for both academic research and practical application. Herein, ethylene oxide-co-tert-butyl methacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) benzyl methacrylate (EO-co-BMA-co-bPEO), a statistical copolymer was synthesized via hybrid copolymerization of EO and BMA using an uncharged, non-nucleophilic organobase t-BuP4 as the catalyst. Detailed characterizations indicate that hybrid copolymerization of ethylene oxide and vinyl monomer forms a statistical copolymer concurrently with the transesterification of tert-butyl group and oligomer PEO anions. The application of the copolymer as all solid lithium-ion battery polymer electrolyte was investigated by detecting the ionic conductivity (σ) with electrical impedance spectrum measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.X.); (P.L.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Liguo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Pan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.X.); (P.L.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.X.); (P.L.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.X.); (P.L.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinbao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.X.); (P.L.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Poly(2-oxazine)s: A comprehensive overview of the polymer structures, physical properties and applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Mahmoud AM, Morrow JP, Pizzi D, Azizah AM, Davis TP, Tabor RF, Kempe K. Tuning Cellular Interactions of Carboxylic Acid-Side-Chain-Containing Polyacrylates: The Role of Cyanine Dye Label and Side-Chain Type. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3007-3016. [PMID: 32598140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake and intracellular targeting to specific organelles are key events in the cellular processing of nanomaterials. Herein, we perform a detailed structure-property relationship study on carboxylic acid-side-chain-bearing polyacrylates to provide design criteria for the manipulation of their cellular interactions. Redox-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RRAFT) polymerization of three tert-butyl-protected N-acylated amino ester-based acrylate monomers of different substitutions and degrees of polymerization (DPs) yielded defined and pH-responsive carboxylic acid-side-chain polymers upon deprotection (N-acetyl, DP 1: P(M1); N-propionyl, DP 1: P(E1), DP 2: P(E2)). Flow cytometry studies revealed time-dependent cell association with P(E2) > P(E1) > P(M1) at any given time point. Importantly, the type of cyanine dye used for labeling was found to significantly influence the cellular processing of the polymers. Changing the dye from Cy5 to its sulfonated version sulfoCy5 resulted in a much lower cellular association. Moreover, Cy5-labeled polymers were targeted to mitochondria, while sulfoCy5 modification caused a significant change in the cellular fate of polymers toward lysosome trafficking. This study highlights the importance of selecting a suitable dye but also demonstrates the possibilities for the rational design of organelle-specific targeting of carboxylated polyacrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaat M Mahmoud
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joshua P Morrow
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David Pizzi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ailsa M Azizah
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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7
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Mahmoud AM, Morrow JP, Pizzi D, Nanayakkara S, Davis TP, Saito K, Kempe K. Nonionic Water-Soluble and Cytocompatible Poly(amide acrylate)s. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaat M. Mahmoud
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joshua P. Morrow
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David Pizzi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sepa Nanayakkara
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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8
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Yang H, Zhang J, Zuo Y, Song Y, Huang W, Jiang L, Jiang Q, Xue X, Jiang B. Anionic Hybrid Copolymerization via Concurrent Oxa‐Michael Addition and Ring‐Opening Polymerizations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Yiye Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
- Changzhou University Huaide College Jingjiang Jiangsu 214500 P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Qimin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
- Changzhou University Huaide College Jingjiang Jiangsu 214500 P. R. China
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9
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de Jongh PA, Haddleton DM, Kempe K. Spontaneous zwitterionic copolymerisation: An undervalued and efficacious technique for the synthesis of functional degradable oligomers and polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Jerca FA, Jerca VV, Hoogenboom R. Well‐Defined Thermoresponsive Polymethacrylamide Copolymers with Ester Pendent Groups through One‐Pot Statistical Postpolymerization Modification of Poly(2‐Isopropenyl‐2‐Oxazoline) with Multiple Carboxylic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florica Adriana Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281‐S4, B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitescu”Romanian Academy 202B Spl. Independentei CP 35‐108, 060023 Bucharest Romania
| | - Valentin Victor Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281‐S4, B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitescu”Romanian Academy 202B Spl. Independentei CP 35‐108, 060023 Bucharest Romania
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281‐S4, B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
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