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Mijangos C, Martin J. Polymerization within Nanoporous Anodized Alumina Oxide Templates (AAO): A Critical Survey. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030525. [PMID: 36771824 PMCID: PMC9919978 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the polymerization of monomers within the nanocavities of porous materials has been thoroughly studied and developed, allowing for the synthesis of polymers with tailored morphologies, chemical architectures and functionalities. This is thus a subject of paramount scientific and technological relevance, which, however, has not previously been analyzed from a general perspective. The present overview reports the state of the art on polymerization reactions in spatial confinement within porous materials, focusing on the use of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. It includes the description of the AAO templates used as nanoreactors. The polymerization reactions are categorized based on the polymerization mechanism. Amongst others, this includes electrochemical polymerization, free radical polymerization, step polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). For each polymerization mechanism, a further subdivision is made based on the nature of the monomer used. Other aspects of "in situ" polymerization reactions in restricted AAO geometries include: conversion monitoring, kinetic studies, modeling and polymer characterization. In addition to the description of the polymerization process itself, the use of polymer materials derived from polymerization in AAO templates in nanotechnology applications, is also highlighted. Finally, the review is concluded with a general discussion outlining the challenges that remain in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mijangos
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Universidade da Coruña, 15471 Ferrol, Spain
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Tian Q, Koh YP, Orski SV, Simon SL. Dodecyl Methacrylate Polymerization under Nanoconfinement: Reactivity and Resulting Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Yung P. Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sara V. Orski
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sindee L. Simon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Bernat R, Maksym P, Tarnacka M, Malarz K, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A, Biela T, Golba S, Kamińska E, Paluch M, Kamiński K. High pressure as a novel tool for the cationic ROP of γ-butyrolactone. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34806-34819. [PMID: 35494728 PMCID: PMC9042710 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06081c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the acid-catalyzed and high pressure assisted ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of γ-butyrolactone (GBL). The use of a dually-catalyzed approach combining an external physical factor and internal catalyst (trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) or p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA)) enforced ROP of GBL, which is considered as hardly polymerizable monomer still remaining a challenge for the modern polymer chemistry. The experiments performed at various thermodynamic conditions (T = 278–323 K and p = 700–1500 MPa) clearly showed that the high pressure supported polymerization process led to obtaining well-defined macromolecules of better parameters (Mn = 2200–9700 g mol−1; Đ = 1.05–1.46) than those previously reported. Furthermore, the parabolic-like dependence of both the molecular weight (MW) and the yield of obtained polymers on variation in temperature and pressure at either isobaric or isothermal conditions was also noticed, allowing the determination of optimal conditions for the polymerization process. However, most importantly, this strategy allowed to significantly reduce the reaction time (just 3 h at room temperature) and increase the yield of obtained polymers (up to 0.62 gPGBL/gGBL). Moreover, despite using a strongly acidic catalyst, synthesized polymers remained non-toxic and biocompatible, as proven by the cytotoxicity test we performed in further analysis. Additional investigation (including MALDI-TOF measurements) showed that the catalyst selection affected not only MW and yield but also the linear/cyclic form content in obtained macromolecules. These findings show the way to tune the properties of PGBL and obtain polymer suitable for application in the biomedical industry. Well-defined poly(γ-butyrolactone) was synthesized with great efficiency via high pressure assisted cationic ROP of hardly polimerizable γ-butyrolactone.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Bernat
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice Szkolna 9 40-007 Katowice Poland.,Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzów Poland
| | - Paulina Maksym
- Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzów Poland .,Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1 41-500 Chorzów Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzów Poland .,Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1 41-500 Chorzów Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzów Poland .,Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1 41-500 Chorzów Poland
| | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzów Poland .,Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1 41-500 Chorzów Poland
| | - Tadeusz Biela
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Lódź Poland
| | - Sylwia Golba
- Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzów Poland .,Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1 41-500 Chorzów Poland
| | - Ewa Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Jagiellońska 4 41-200 Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzów Poland .,Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1 41-500 Chorzów Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A 41-500 Chorzów Poland .,Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pułku Piechoty 1 41-500 Chorzów Poland
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4
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León-Boigues L, Pérez LA, Mijangos C. In Situ Synthesis of Poly(butyl methacrylate) in Anodic Aluminum Oxide Nanoreactors by Radical Polymerization: A Comparative Kinetics Analysis by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and 1H-NMR. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040602. [PMID: 33671387 PMCID: PMC7923008 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explore the ability to generate well-defined poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) nanostructures by “in situ” polymerization of butyl methacrylate monomer (BMA). PBMA nanostructures of high and low aspect ratios have been successfully obtained through the free radical polymerization (FRP) of a BMA monomer in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoreactors of suitable size. A polymerization kinetics process has been followed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR).The determination of the kinetics of polymerization through DSC is based on a quick and direct analysis of the exothermic polymerization process, whereas the analysis through 1H-NMR also allows the unambiguous chemical analysis of the resulting polymer. When compared to bulk polymerization, both techniques demonstrate confinement effects. Moreover, DSC and 1H-NMR analysis give the same kinetics results and show a gel-effect in all the cases. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the PBMA obtained in AAO of 60–300 nm are between 30·103–175·103 g/mol. Even if the Mn value is lower with respect to that obtained in bulk polymerization, it is high enough to maintain the polymer properties. As determined by SEM morphological characterization, once extracted from the AAO nanoreactor, the polymer nanostructures show controlled homogeneous aspect/size all throughout the length of nanopillar over a surface area of few cm2. The Young’s modulus of low aspect ratio PBMA nanopillars determined by AFM gives a value of 3.1 ± 1.1 MPa. In this work, a 100% of PBMA polymer nanostructures are obtained from a BMA monomer in AAO templates through a quick double process: 30 min of monomer immersion at room temperature and 90 min of polymerization reaction at 60 °C. While the same nanostructures are obtained by polymer infiltration of PBMA at 200 °C in about 6 h, polymerization conditions are much softer than those corresponding to the polymer infiltration process. Furthermore, the 1H-NMR technique has been consolidated as a tool for studying the kinetics of the copolymerization reactions in confinement and the determination of monomer reactivity ratios.
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6
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Tian Q, Zhao H, Simon SL. Kinetic study of alkyl methacrylate polymerization in nanoporous confinement over a broad temperature range. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Massoumi B, Taghavi N, Ghamkhari A. Synthesis of a new biodegradable system based on β-cyclodextrin/iron oxide nanocomposite: application for delivery of docetaxel. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Alqarni Y, Ishizuka F, Bell TDM, Tabor RF, Zetterlund PB, Saito K. Confined polymerisation of bis-thyminyl monomers within nanoreactors: towards molecular weight control. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlling polymer molecular weight by topochemical polymerisation inside nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanallah Alqarni
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
- Department of Basic Sciences
| | - Fumi Ishizuka
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | | | - Rico F. Tabor
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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9
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Báez JE, Shea KJ, Dennison PR, Obregón-Herrera A, Bonilla-Cruz J. Monodisperse oligo(δ-valerolactones) and oligo(ε-caprolactones) with docosyl (C22) end-groups. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00576b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two different families of monodisperse oligoesters with α-hydroxyl-ω-docosyl (C22) terminal groups [oligo(δ-valerolactone) and oligo(ϵ-caprolactone)] were isolated by flash column chromatography (FCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Báez
- Department of Chemistry
- Division of Natural and Exact Sciences
- University of Guanajuato (UG)
- Guanajuato
- Gto. Mexico
| | - Kenneth J. Shea
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- Irvine
- 92697-2025
| | | | - Armando Obregón-Herrera
- Department of Biology
- Division of Natural and Exact Sciences
- University of Guanajuato (UG)
- Guanajuato
- Gto. Mexico
| | - José Bonilla-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV-Unidad Monterrey)
- Apodaca
- 66628 Mexico
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Tarnacka M, Maksym P, Zięba A, Mielańczyk A, Geppert-Rybczyńska M, Leon-Boigues L, Mijangos C, Kamiński K, Paluch M. The application of spatially restricted geometries as a unique route to produce well-defined poly(vinyl pyrrolidones) via free radical polymerisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6441-6444. [PMID: 31098603 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02625h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the metal-free green synthesis of linear poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) homopolymers of molecular weight higher than 100 kg mol-1 and narrow dispersities via thermal and photo-induced free radical polymerisation carried out within alumina nanoporous membranes acting as "nanoreactors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Tarnacka
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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11
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Howard IC, Hammond C, Buchard A. Polymer-supported metal catalysts for the heterogeneous polymerisation of lactones. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-supported metal catalysts are used for the heterogeneous polymerisation of renewable lactones, towards the efficient and environmentally benign production of sustainable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ceri Hammond
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
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12
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Dzienia A, Maksym P, Hachuła B, Tarnacka M, Biela T, Golba S, Zięba A, Chorążewski M, Kaminski K, Paluch M. Studying the catalytic activity of DBU and TBD upon water-initiated ROP of ε-caprolactone under different thermodynamic conditions. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies performed revealed that a novel catalytic system for water-initiated ε-CL ROP based on DBU protonation showed enhanced performance under high-pressure/high-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Dzienia
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Silesia
- 40-007 Katowice
- Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research
| | - Paulina Maksym
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research
- University of Silesia
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
- Institute of Physics
| | - Barbara Hachuła
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Silesia
- 40-007 Katowice
- Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research
- University of Silesia
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
- Institute of Physics
| | - Tadeusz Biela
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Lodz
- Poland
| | - Sylwia Golba
- Institute of Materials Science
- University of Silesia
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Zięba
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice
- 41-200 Sosnowiec
- Poland
| | | | - Kamil Kaminski
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research
- University of Silesia
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
- Institute of Physics
| | - Marian Paluch
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research
- University of Silesia
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
- Institute of Physics
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13
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Blaszczyk-Lezak I, Juanes D, Martín J, Mijangos C. Gecko-like Branched Polymeric Nanostructures from Nanoporous Templates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11449-11453. [PMID: 30157645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a simple method to produce hierarchically shaped polymeric one-dimensional nanostructures. More specifically, dual-sized polymer nanowires are fabricated employing multibranched anodic aluminum oxide templates. By fine selection of the anodization conditions, we achieve branched nanopores having a first segment of 400 nm in diameter from which seven further 55 nm in diameter pores arise. Wetting of such nanopores with polymer melts-for example, poly(ε-caprolactone) and polystyrene-allows for the nanomolding of their respective inverse nanostructures, that is, dual-sized multibranched polymer nanowires that, when supported on a flat surface, strongly resemble the spatulae of geckos' toes. The structural features of the dual-sized polymer nanostructures, namely, crystalline phase, crystallinity, texture, and so on, are furthermore characterized and interpreted within the context of polymer phase transitions in confined media. Our work presents a readily applicable approach to produce soft nanomaterials of high morphological complexity, thereby with promising implications in the nanotechnology area, for example, in biomimetic solid adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Blaszczyk-Lezak
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva 3 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Diana Juanes
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva 3 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Manuel de Lardizabal 3 , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , E-48011 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Carmen Mijangos
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva 3 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 2 , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Materials Physics Center (CFM) , CSIC-UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5 , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
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