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Shafqat N, Alegría A, Malicki N, Dronet S, Natali F, Mangin-Thro L, Porcar L, Arbe A, Colmenero J. Microscopic versus Macroscopic Glass Transitions and Relevant Length Scales in Mixtures of Industrial Interest. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2149-2163. [PMID: 36938513 PMCID: PMC10019463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
We have combined X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction with polarization analysis, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), neutron elastic fixed window scans (EFWS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate polymeric blends of industrial interest composed by isotopically labeled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and polystyrene (PS) oligomers of size smaller than the Kuhn length. The EFWS are sensitive to the onset of liquid-like motions across the calorimetric glass transition, allowing the selective determination of the "microscopic" effective glass transitions of the components. These are compared with the "macroscopic" counterparts disentangled by the analysis of the DSC results in terms of a model based on the effects of thermally driven concentration fluctuations and self-concentration. At the microscopic level, the mixtures are dynamically heterogeneous for blends with intermediate concentrations or rich in PS, while the sample with highest content of the fast SBR component looks as dynamically homogeneous. Moreover, the combination of SANS and DSC has allowed determining the relevant length scale for the α-relaxation through its loss of equilibrium to be ≈30 Å. This is compared with the different characteristic length scales that can be identified in these complex mixtures from structural, thermodynamical, and dynamical points of view because of the combined approach followed. We also discuss the sources of the non-Gaussian effects observed for the atomic displacements and the applicability of a Lindemann-like criterion in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numera Shafqat
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics
Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Manufacture
Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes
Déchaux, F-63040 Cedex 9, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Angel Alegría
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics
Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolas Malicki
- Manufacture
Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes
Déchaux, F-63040 Cedex 9, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Séverin Dronet
- Manufacture
Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes
Déchaux, F-63040 Cedex 9, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Francesca Natali
- CNR-IOM,
OGG, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucile Mangin-Thro
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Cedex
9, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Cedex
9, Grenoble, France
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics
Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics
Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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2
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Shafqat N, Alegría A, Arbe A, Malicki N, Dronet S, Porcar L, Colmenero J. Disentangling the Calorimetric Glass-Transition Trace in Polymer/Oligomer Mixtures from the Modeling of Dielectric Relaxation and the Input of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7614-7625. [PMID: 36118597 PMCID: PMC9477097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We have disentangled the contributions to the glass transition
as observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on simplified
systems of industrial interest consisting of blends of styrene–butadiene
rubber (SBR) and polystyrene (PS) oligomer. To do this, we have started
from a model previously proposed to describe the effects of blending
on the equilibrium dynamics of the α-relaxation as monitored
by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). This model is based on
the combination of self-concentration and thermally driven concentration
fluctuations (TCFs). Considering the direct insight of small-angle
neutron scattering on TCFs, blending effects on the α-relaxation
can be fully accounted for by using only three free parameters: the
self-concentration of the components φselfSBR and φselfPS) and the relevant length scale of segmental
relaxation, 2Rc. Their values were determined
from the analysis of the BDS results on these samples, being that
obtained for 2Rc ≈ 25Å in
the range usually reported for this magnitude in glass-forming systems.
Using a similar approach, the distinct contributions to the DSC experiments
were evaluated by imposing the dynamical information deduced from
BDS and connecting the component segmental dynamics in the blend above
the glass-transition temperature Tg (at
equilibrium) and the way the equilibrium is lost when cooling toward
the glassy state. This connection was made through the α-relaxation
characteristic time of each component at Tg, τg. The agreement of such constructed curves with
the experimental DSC results is excellent just assuming that τg is not affected by blending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numera Shafqat
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, Cedex 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Angel Alegría
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Facultad de Química, Universidad del Pais Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolas Malicki
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, Cedex 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Séverin Dronet
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, Cedex 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38042, France
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Facultad de Química, Universidad del Pais Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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3
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Khairy Y, Alvarez F, Arbe A, Colmenero J. Disentangling Self-Atomic Motions in Polyisobutylene by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040670. [PMID: 33672368 PMCID: PMC7927061 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We present fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on polyisobutylene (PIB) in a wide temperature range above the glass transition. The cell is validated by direct comparison of magnitudes computed from the simulation and measured by neutron scattering on protonated samples reported in previous works. Once the reliability of the simulation is assured, we exploit the information in the atomic trajectories to characterize the dynamics of the different kinds of atoms in PIB. All of them, including main-chain carbons, show a crossover from Gaussian to non-Gaussian behavior in the intermediate scattering function that can be described in terms of the anomalous jump diffusion model. The full characterization of the methyl-group hydrogen motions requires accounting for rotational motions. We show that the usually assumed statistically independence of rotational and segmental motions fails in this case. We apply the rotational rate distribution model to correlation functions calculated for the relative positions of methyl-group hydrogens with respect to the carbon atom at which they are linked. The contributions to the vibrational density of states are also discussed. We conclude that methyl-group rotations are coupled with the main-chain dynamics. Finally, we revise in the light of the simulations the hypothesis and conclusions made in previously reported neutron scattering investigations on protonated samples trying to address the origin of the dielectric β-process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Khairy
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (F.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (F.A.); (A.A.)
- Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, E-20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (F.A.); (A.A.)
- Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (F.A.); (A.A.)
- Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, E-20080 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Kinsey T, Mapesa EU, Wang W, Hong K, Mays J, Kilbey SM, Sangoro J. Effects of Asymmetric Molecular Architecture on Chain Stretching and Dynamics in Miktoarm Star Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kinsey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Emmanuel Urandu Mapesa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jimmy Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - S. Michael Kilbey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Joshua Sangoro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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Bichler KJ, Jakobi B, Sakai VG, Klapproth A, Mole RA, Schneider GJ. Short-Time Dynamics of PDMS- g-PDMS Bottlebrush Polymer Melts Investigated by Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2020; 53:9553-9562. [PMID: 33191954 PMCID: PMC7659037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the short-time dynamical behavior of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bottlebrush polymers, PDMS-g-PDMS. The samples have similar backbone lengths but different side-chain lengths, resulting in a shape transition. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering was used to observe the dynamical changes inherent to these structural changes. The combination of data from three spectrometers enabled to follow the dynamics over broad frequency and temperature ranges, which included segmental relaxations and more localized motions. The latter, identified as the methyl group rotation, is described by a threefold jump model and shows higher activation energies compared to linear PDMS. The segmental relaxation times, τs, decrease with increasing molecular weight of the side chains but increase with momentum transfer, Q, following a power law, which suggests a non-Gaussian behavior for bottlebrush polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J. Bichler
- Department
of Physics &Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
| | - Bruno Jakobi
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
| | - Victoria García Sakai
- ISIS
Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Alice Klapproth
- Australian
Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights 2234, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A. Mole
- Australian
Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights 2234, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerald J. Schneider
- Department
of Physics &Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
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6
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Zhang G, Rocha S, Lu G, Yuan H, Uji-i H, Floudas GA, Müllen K, Xiao L, Hofkens J, Debroye E. Spatially and Temporally Resolved Heterogeneities in a Miscible Polymer Blend. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23931-23939. [PMID: 32984713 PMCID: PMC7513360 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mapping the spatial and temporal heterogeneities in miscible polymer blends is critical for understanding and further improving their material properties. However, a complete picture on the heterogeneous dynamics is often obscured in ensemble measurements. Herein, the spatial and temporal heterogeneities in fully miscible polystyrene/oligostyrene blend films are investigated by monitoring the rotational diffusion of embedded individual probe molecules using defocused wide-field fluorescence microscopy. In the same blend film, three significantly different types of dynamical behaviors (referred to as modes) of the probe molecules can be observed at the same time, namely, immobile, continuously rotating, and intermittently rotating probe molecules. This reveals a prominent spatial heterogeneity in local dynamics at the nanometer scale. In addition to that, temporal heterogeneity is uncovered by the nonexponential characteristic of the rotational autocorrelation functions of single-molecule probes. Moreover, the occurrence probabilities of these different modes strongly depend on the polystyrene: oligostyrene ratios in the blend films. Remarkably, some probe molecules switch between the continuous and intermittent rotational modes at elevated temperature, indicating a possible alteration in local dynamics that is triggered by the dynamic heterogeneity in the blends. Although some of these findings can be discussed by the self-concentration model and the results provided by ensemble averaging techniques (e.g., dielectric spectroscopy), there are implications that go beyond current models of blend dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute
of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme
Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Susana Rocha
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gang Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Institute
of Advanced Materials & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Haifeng Yuan
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-i
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo City 001-0020, Japan
| | - George A. Floudas
- Department
of Physics, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute
of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme
Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Elke Debroye
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Gambino T, Shafqat N, Alegría A, Malicki N, Dronet S, Radulescu A, Nemkovski K, Arbe A, Colmenero J. Concentration Fluctuations and Nanosegregation in a Simplified Industrial Blend with Large Dynamic Asymmetry. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gambino
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, F-63040 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex 9, France
| | - Numera Shafqat
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, F-63040 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex 9, France
| | - Angel Alegría
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Fı́sica de Materiales, UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolas Malicki
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, F-63040 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex 9, France
| | - Séverin Dronet
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MICHELIN, Site de Ladoux, 23 Place des Carmes Déchaux, F-63040 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex 9, France
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Kirill Nemkovski
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Materials Physics Center (MPC), Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Fı́sica de Materiales, UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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8
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Gambino T, Alegría A, Arbe A, Colmenero J, Malicki N, Dronet S. Modeling the high frequency mechanical relaxation of simplified industrial polymer mixtures using dielectric relaxation results. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Hirai T, Matsunaga T, Sato N, Katagiri Y, Kawada J, Usuki A. High‐temperature crystallization of immiscible polymer blends induced by the shear flow in injection molding. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hirai
- Material and Processing DepartmentPolymer Processing and Mechanics Laboratories, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc. Nagakute Japan
| | - Takuro Matsunaga
- Material and Processing DepartmentPolymer Processing and Mechanics Laboratories, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc. Nagakute Japan
| | - Norikazu Sato
- Material and Processing DepartmentPolymer Processing and Mechanics Laboratories, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc. Nagakute Japan
| | - Yoshihide Katagiri
- Material and Processing DepartmentPolymer Processing and Mechanics Laboratories, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc. Nagakute Japan
| | - Jumpei Kawada
- Material and Processing DepartmentPolymer Processing and Mechanics Laboratories, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc. Nagakute Japan
| | - Arimitsu Usuki
- Material and Processing DepartmentPolymer Processing and Mechanics Laboratories, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc. Nagakute Japan
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